[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_79-80_lviii_lxxix-lxxx_8079-composite-web.jpg]18.8k4TRAJAN'S COLUMN LVIII-LIX/LXXIX-LXXX (Scenes 79-80): Profectio
Scene 79/LXXIX: Trajan, standing in the middle of three ships and dressed in traveling clothes, directs his troops as they depart on ships at the beginning of the Second Dacian War. The presence of torches and a lamp on the middle ship suggest that the departure is by night (Lepper/Frere 1988: 129). Harbor buildings dominate the left side; these include temples and an arch crowned with standing male figures. The multi-arched building in the background of cast 208 may represent the boat sheds (navalia) that protected ships when ashore (Coarelli 2000: 137). The harbor is often identified as that of Ancona on the Adriatic coast of Italy (although there is disagreement; cf. Coarelli op. cit.: he suggests Brindisium). Scene 80: locals at the point of arrival (Perhaps Durres?; casts 212-213) greet Trajan and his men. A bull is being sacrificed at the top of cast 212.<br />From casts 207-213, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LVIII-LIX scenes 79-80 and Coarelli Pls. 93-94. RBU2011.8079-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_7216-web.jpg]17.1k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LVIII/(Scene 79): Harbor Temple
Scene 79/LXXIX (detail): A tetrastyle temple of the Ionic (?) order is seen in three-quarter view in the harbor scene. The standing image of a female divinity (perhaps Venus?) that looks like the Louvre "Genetrix" type stands in the doorway. The cella of the shrine is illuminated by a large grated window.<br />From cast 207, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LVIII scene 79 and Coarelli Pl. 93. RBU2011.7216.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_3759-web.jpg]16.9k2TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ: Scene LXXIX
Scene 79/LXXIX: Trajan and his fleet depart to undertake the Second Dacian War. The departure appears to have taken place at night. Here in the actual morning sunlight the figure of Trajan in high relief, emerging from shadow, dominates the scene from the left. From the Column in situ. RBU2013.3759[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_80-83_lix-lxi_lxxx-lxxxiii_7235-composite-web.jpg]16.5k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LIX-LXII/LXXX-LXXXIII (Scenes 80-83) (Composite)
Scenes 80/LXXX-83/LXXXIII: Composite Image. Trajan and his men cross from Italy onto the western coast of the Balkan Peninsula. On casts 212-213 Trajan's fleet is greeted with a sacrifice that takes place in front of an altar. The emperor is welcomed in front of an open-air portico that encloses a temple. The harbor scene continues across casts 217-218, and the emperor is excorted from town in the profectio of casts 219-220. Cichorius's scene divisions here have been called into question; much of what we see appears to belong to a continuous event that took place upon his landing on the Dalmation coast, perhaps at Zara (although a number of different locales have been proposed).<br />From casts 212-221, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LIX-LXII scenes 80-83 and Coarelli Pls. 94-97. RBU2011.7235-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_80-rbu2011_7235-cropped-web.jpg]15.5k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX: Sacrifice
Scene 80/LXXX: Having crossed the Adriatic, Trajan is welcomed at a harbor town. A fire burns on a garlanded altar. A bull has just been sacrificed.<br />From casts 212-213, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LIX, scene 80 and Coarelli Pl. 94. RBU2011.7235[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_2106-web.jpg]16k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ: Scenes LXXXI and LXXXIX
Scenes 81/LXXXI and 89/LXXXIX are a contrast of stasis and rapid movement. This view is of the southeast side of the Column (the side that faced the back wall of the Basilica Ulpia). On the lower band Trajan receives citizens in front of a quadriporticus, visible in the background. Above, Trajan (just visible to the right, on the leading horse) heads a march of other riders and men on foot (visible on the left side).<br />From the Column in situ. RBU 2013.2106.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8082-web.jpg]15.7k2TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81): A temple precint
Scene 81/LXXXI (detail): in the background of a harbor town scene we see the top of a temple within a colonnaded Corinthian portico, which is covered by a walkway along its four sides.<br />From casts 214-215, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2011.8082.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8080-web.jpg]15.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81, detail): Trajan is Welcomed
Scene 81/LXXXI (detail): The emperor is greeted by local citizens on the Dalmatian coast; all stand in front of a colonnaded temple precinct.<br />From casts 214-215, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2011.8080.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_81-rbu2012_0019-web.jpg]14.9k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81): Trajan
Scene 81/LXXXI (detail): Detail of the emperor Trajan (center) flanked by his retinue.<br />From cast 214, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2012.0019.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_81-rbu2012_0020-web.jpg]14.8k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81): Trajan
Scene 81/LXXXI (detail): Detail of the emperor Trajan; front view of the high relief.<br />From cast 214, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2012.0020.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8083-web.jpg]15.3k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI/LXXXII (detail): Roman Warship
Scene 82/LXXXII: Roman sailors at work on a warship in the harbor. On the right, a detail of the <em>rostrum</em>, or ramming beak of a Roman warship's prow. Here the <em>rostrum</em> includes three separate protruding elements (either connected by fins or independent of one another; it id not clear from the representation). Note that aft of the beak, the ship is decorated with the depiction of a miniature Roman warship. From casts 217-218, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXI (Scene 82) and Coarelli Pl. 96. RBU 2011.8083.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_84-85_lxii_lxxxiv-lxxxv_8092-composite-web.jpg]15.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI-LXII/LXXXIV-LXXXV (Scenes 84-85) (Composite)
Scenes 84/LXXXIV-85/LXXXV: The arch on the left presumably indicates the exit point from the harbor city of the previous scene. Men with garlands and children move in a procession towards the right in casts 219-220. They accompany Trajan who strides ahead with a flowing cape (at the break between casts 220-221). Another group waits to welcome the emperor on the far right (casts 223-224) while four bulls (two in the foreground and two in the background) are adorned and readied for sacrifice in front of two garlanded altars. On the far right we see a pair of standards with hands at the top ("maniple" standards) and a pair of soldiers peering over the walls of a fortress.<br />From casts 219 - 224, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXI-LXII scenes 83-85 and Coarelli Pls. 98-99. RBU2011.8092-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8090-web.jpg]15.2k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI/LXXXIV (Scene 84)
Scene 84/LXXXIV: Detail of children who accompany Trajan when he has just left the harbor town (presumably his formal public departure, or "profectio").<br />From cast 219, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXI (Scene 84) and Coarelli Pl. 98. RBU2011.8090[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8089-web.jpg]15k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI/LXXXIV (Scene 84)
Scene 84/LXXXIV: Detail of civilians (here children) who accompany Trajan when he has just left the harbor town (presumably his "profectio").<br />From cast 220, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXI (Scene 84) and Coarelli Pl. 98. RBU2011.8089[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_85_lxii_lxxxv_8092-det-web.jpg]14.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV (Scene 85): Sacrifice and altars
Scene 85/LXXXV: Preparation for sacrifice. Two altars adorned with garlands are readied for the blood sacrifice. the bulls are being led by half-clad bearded victimarii.From casts 221 - 222, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. RBU2011.8092.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8095-web.jpg]15k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXII/LXXXV (Scene 85)
Scene 85/LXXXV (Detail): A victimarius leads a bull to sacrifice.<br />From cast 222, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXII (Scene 85) and Coarelli Pl. 98. RBU2011.8095.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8096-web.jpg]14.9k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXII/LXXXV (Scene 85): military standards
Scene 84/LXXXIV: Detail of Roman military standards decorated with discs (form of a patera) and topped by a hand.<br />From cast 223, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXII (Scene 85) and Coarelli Pl. 99. RBU2011.8096[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_100-101_lxiii_lxxxvi_8098-composite-web.jpg]15.4k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIII/LXXXVI (Scene 86) (Composite)
Scene 86/LXXXVI (Composite): Trajan (cast 226), having just disembarked at a port, pours a libation over an altar while a bull is readied for sacrifice. In the background, there are legionary standards (signa) and the buildings of a town, including representations of a portico with an enclosed garden (left, behind the standards), a theater, and a temple. On the far right, a cargo ship with its swan-shaped stern, steering oar, and anchor.<br />From casts 225 - 228, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIII scene 86 and Coarelli Pls. 100-101. RBU2011.8098-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8100-web.jpg]14.9k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIII/LXXXVI (Scene 86)
Scene 86/LXXXVI (detail): Trajan makes sacrifice at an altar upon arrival. He holds a patera and pours a libation upon the flame.<br />From cast 226, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIII scene 86 and Coarelli Pl. 100. RBU2011.8100.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8101-web.jpg]14.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIII/LXXXVI (Scene 86)
Scene 86/LXXXVI (detail): Sacrifice of a bull in the harbor town upon the arrival of the emperor.<br />From cast 227, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIII scene 86 and Coarelli Pl. 101. RBU2011.8101.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_102_lxvi_lxxxvii_8104-composite-web.jpg]14.8k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIV-LXV/LXXXVII-LXXXIX (Scenes 87-89) (Composite)
Composite image of Scenes 87/LXXXVII-89/LXXXIX: Soldiers, led by Trajan who is framed by standards (Cast 230), all wearing traveling clothes, depart from the coast (note the ship in the background of cast 229). The rocky outcrop on the left (229) may indicate the shore of Dalmatia (Coarelli 2000: 46). The entourage passes by a walled city (background, casts 232-233). A second procession appears to start at the right side of the walled city (Cichorius Scene 89). At the head of a group of horsemen a mounted Trajan moves swiftly to the right.<br />From casts 229 - 235, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXIV-LXV scenes 87-89 and Coarelli Pls. 102-104. RBU2011.8104-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_90-rbu2016_6802-web.jpg]12.3k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ (Scenes LXXXIX-XC): Trajan's Reception
Scenes 89-90/LXXXIX_XC: at the head of a mounted column, Trajan (arrow) is welcomed by local Dacians.<br />RBU2016.6802.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_3811-web.jpg]14.8k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ (Scene XC): Trajan's Reception
Scene 90/XC: Trajan, at the head of a group of horsemen, arrives in Dacian territory that has been "pacified." He rides at the lead, focus achieved by placing his head against a plain background. Dacian men and their children reach out to him with gestures of welcome. From the Column in situ. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXV scene 90 and Coarelli Pl. 105. RBU2013.3811.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8110-web.jpg]14.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXV/XC (Scene 90): Trajan
Scene 90/XC: Detail of the emperor Trajan on horseback and in his traveling clothes. He has just arrived in Dacian territory.<br />From cast 235, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXV scene 90 and Coarelli Pl. 105. RBU2011.8110[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_106_lxvi_xci_8114-composite-web.jpg]15k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVI/XIC (Scene 91)- Composite
Scene 91/XCI: Trajan performs a sacrifice at an altar (cast 237), pouring a libation from his patera as he is attended by an aulos player and camillus. He is accompanied by both togate Romans and Dacians, including a number of children who stand in the foreground. Along the top of the scene victimarii lead bulls to sacrifice. Note the series of individual altars at which the separate sacrifices will take place. "The scene is said to have taken place on the battlefield of Tapae, where an annual ceremony was held" (Coarelli 2000: 151).<br />From casts 237-240, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVI scene 91 and Coarelli Pls. 106-107. RBU2011.8114-composite[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_106_lxvi_xci_8115-web.jpg]14.7k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVI/XIC (Scene 91): Trajan Sacrifices
Scene 91/XCI (detail): Trajan conducts a sacrifice with attendants.<br />From cast 237, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVI scene 91 and Coarelli Pl. 106. RBU2011.8115 [img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_108-109_lxvii_xcii_8121-composite-web.jpg]46331TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVII/XCII (Scene 92): Forest Clearing and Construction
Scene 92/XCII: In the foreground, Soldiers wearing short tunics fell trees with axes (dolabra), apparently to build a road through a mountainous area. Trenching and digging activities fill the background.<br />From casts 241-244, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVII scene 92 and Coarelli Pl. 109. Ref: RBU2011.8121-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_3828-crop-92-web.jpg]41171TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 92)
Scene 92/XCII: Soldiers cut their way through a forest. Note the fortified camp partially concealed by the trees. It is unusual, to say the least, that the woodcutters are not wearing armor. Cichorius considered them special forces from the Roman fleet (classiarii); thus perhaps "marines" at work (cf. commentary in Lepper/Frere 1988: 143). Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVII; Coarelli Pl. 109; Lehmann-Hartleben Taf. 42. From the Column in situ. RBU2013.3828.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_109_lxvii_xcii_8122-web.jpg]38160TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVII/XCII (Scene 92): Wielding an axe
Scene 92/XCII: A detail of a soldier, wearing a tunic, swinging his axe.<br />From cast 242, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVII scene 92 and Coarelli Pl. 109. Ref: RBU2011.8122[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_111_lxviii_xciii_8125-composite-web.jpg]38160TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII-LXX/XCIII-XCV (Scenes 93-95) (Composite)
Scenes 93-95. Dacians gather in a fortified camp (casts 245-247) where Decebalus, armed with a long sword hanging from his right hip, holds a war council (cast 247). To the right of the fort (cast 248) a group of agitated Dacians run to warn of imminent danger. A Roman fort is attacked (casts 250-251) resulting in heavy Dacian losses; a second assault on a Roman fortification occurs on the far right. <br />From casts 245-252, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXVIII-LXX, scenes 93-95 and Coarelli Pls. 110-114. Ref: RBU2011.8125-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8125-web.jpg]35610TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): A Dacian fort
Scene 93/XCIII (detail): A band of Dacians rushes into a Dacian fort to attend a war council with their leader, Decebalus.<br />From cast 245, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 111. Ref: RBU2011.8125[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8126-web.jpg]33220TRAJAN'S COLUMN LVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): Dacian soldiers
Scene 93/XCIII (detail): Close view of three Dacians rushing into a Dacian fort to attend a war council with their leader, Decebalus.<br />From cast 245, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 111. Ref: RBU2011.8126[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8127-web.jpg]33110TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): Decebalus
Scene 93/XCIII (detail): Decebalus, king of the Dacians, stands with his advisors as he plans a major offensive against the Romans. The is one of <a href="http://www.trajans-column.org/?page_id=866">six scenes</a> that are thought to represent the Dacian king. <br />From cast 247, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 111. Ref: RBU2011.8127[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8129-web.jpg]32120TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): Dacians in Retreat
Scene 93/XCIII (detail): While one Dacian stands his ground (far right) two others run towards the fort where Decebalus is planning his offensive. We can interpret them either as running to warn the Dacian conclave or running in retreat against the wave of a Roman counter-offensive (in the latter case they would then belong to Cichorius Scene 94).<br />From cast 248, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 112. Ref: RBU2011.8129[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8132-web.jpg]31880TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIX/XCIV (Scene 94): Roman defenders
Scene 94/XCIV (detail): Roman soldiers defend their fort. Below the walls, in the foreground, other Roman soldiers sally forth to challenge the Dacian attackers.From cast 250, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIX, scene 94 and Coarelli Pl. 113. Ref: RBU2011.8132[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_114-115_lxx_xcv-xcvi_8133-composite-web.jpg]33950TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIX-LXXI/XCIV-XCVII (Scenes 94-97) (Composite)
Scenes 94-97: The Dacians assault a Roman fortress defended by Roman auxiliaries (casts 252-253) and suffer many casualties; the dead and wounded shown along the lowest zone of casts 251-254. Roman reinforcements arrive at the top of Scene 95 (upper zone of cast 253). Trajan rides in his battle gear to rally his troops as a line of legionaries attempts to break down a wall (or to defend it with their axes, the readings of this scene are controversial; cast 254); others, dressed in simple tunics, work to clear a forest (casts 256-257). "It is undeniable that the Maestro's design is too compressed here to provide a happy solution to his problems of presentation" (Lepper/Frere 1988: 145).<br />From casts 251-257, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXIX-LXXI, scenes 94-97 and Coarelli Pls. 114-117. Ref: RBU2011.8133-composite[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_3811-web.jpg]33000TRAJAN'S COLUMN (Scenes 95-96): Romans under attack
Scenes 95-96: Dacians mount a furious attack against a double wall protected by Roman auxiliary troops. At the top, a Roman legion, led by a legate, has arrived to help. <br />From the Column in situ. Cf. Coarelli Pls. 114 and 115.Ref: RBU2013.3811.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8135-web.jpg]31471TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXX/XCVI (Scene 96): Combat
Scene 96/XCVI: A Roman and a Dacian face off, the latter raises his falx to strike.<br />From cast 253, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXX, scene 96 and Coarelli Pl. 115. Ref: RBU2011.8135[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8136-web.jpg]30740TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXX/XCVI (Scene 96): Fallen Dacian
Scene 96/XCVI: Collapse of a Dacian warrior. Note the seam between two column drums that passes through the hands of the figure.<br />From cast 254, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXX, scene 96 and Coarelli Pl. 115. Ref: RBU2011.8136[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8137-web.jpg]31970TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXI/XCVII (Scene 97): Trajan
Scene 97/XCVII: Trajan arrives at a flying gallop to assist his men attacking the Dacian fort.<br />From cast 255, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXI, scene 97 and Coarelli Pl. 116. Ref: RBU2011.8137 [img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_117_lxxi-lxxii_xcviii_8141-composite-web.jpg]39442TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXI-LXXIII/XCVIII-C (Scenes 98-100) (Composite)
Scenes 98/XCVIII-100/C (Composite). Trajan performs a sacrifice in front of a fortified camp next to Apollodorus of Damascus' monumental bridge across the Danube. Later (casts 263-264), Trajan receives embassies from diverse ethnic groups in a Romanized city complete with a hybrid stone and timbered amphitheater and walls of cut stone.<br />From casts 257-264, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXI-LXXIII, scenes 98-100 and Coarelli Pls. 117-120. Ref: RBU2011.8141-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_117_lxxi-lxxii_xcviii_8141-web.jpg]34250TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXI-LXXII/XCVIII (Scene 98): Legionaries
Scene 98/XCVIII (detail): Roman legionaries stand outside a fortified encampment, looking to the viewer's right (towards Scene 99), where the emperor performs a sacrifice in front of the Danube bridge.<br />From casts 257-258, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXI-LXXII, scene 98 and Coarelli Pl. 117. Ref: RBU2011.8141.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_117_lxxii_xcviii_8142-web.jpg]31830TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCVIII (Scene 98): Legionaries
Scene 98/XCVIII (detail): A pair of legionaries. The two faces are near mirror images of one another, with idealized, classicizing visages. The sculptor (or sculptors) has varied the treatment of the hair, breaking monotony and creating a sense of individuality. Their bearded faces are in contrast to the smooth-shaven portrayals of the emperor, and foreshadow official imperial portraiture under Trajan's successor, Hadrian (117-138).<br />From cast 258, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII, scene 98 and Coarelli Pl. 117. Ref: RBU2011.8142.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_118_lxxii_xcix_8144a-web.jpg]31060TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): sacrifice
Scene 99/XCIX: Trajan, dressed in traveling clothes, and his attendants (including the camillus holding an incense box (acerra) and a tibicen playing the double flute) conduct the initial libation for a sacrifice of a bull in front of the newly-built bridge over the Danube. It is possible that Apollodorus, the designer of the bridge (and perhaps the master-mind behind the decoration of the Column) is shown directly behind the emperor (Coarelli 2000: 162).<br />From cast 259-261, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2011.8144[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_99-rbu2012_0054-web.jpg]22710TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): Trajan
Scene 99/XCIX: Close view of the emperor Trajan in the act of sacrifice at the Danube bridge.<br />From cast 260, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2012.0054[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_99-rbu2012_0056-web.jpg]21290TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): Trajan
Scene 99/XCIX: Close view of the emperor Trajan (frontal view) in the act of sacrifice at the Danube bridge.<br />From cast 260, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2012.0056[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_img_2213_web.jpg]26640TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): sacrifice
Scene 99/XCIX: Detail of attendants assisting Trajan at his sacrifice in front of the Danube bridge. Trajan's hand, holding a patera, is visible center right. A long-haired camillus holds an incense box, while a musician plays the double flute.<br />From cast 260, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2009.2213[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_118_lxxii_xcviii-xcix_8143-web.jpg]28970TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): The Danube Bridge
Scene 99/XCIX: Detail of the bridge built to transport the Roman army over the Danube river. The spans of the bridge, formed as a series of segmental arches made from wooden beams supported by masonry piers, were designed by Trajan's famed architect, Apollodorus of Damascus.<br />From casts 259-261, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2011.8143[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_119-lxxiii_c_8147-web.jpg]25660TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIII/C (Scene 100): Foreign Embassies
Scene 100/C (detail): In front of a walled town (Drobeta? Coarelli 2000: 163) built of odd ("barbarian") planked structures (including, rather implausibly, the roofing of one building) foreign ambassadors await reception by the emperor, who stands off to the right (not visible). In this detail, on the right, stand men in long robes; the one on the left may be wearing gloves. The cylindrical object resting on the ground to the left seems to represent a quiver (Coulston 1990: 294). Cichorius suggested they are denizens of northern lands. The horsemen with hats in the form of truncated cones have been proposed as Sarmatian Iazyges, cf. Cichrorius and Lepper/Frere (1988: 152).<br />From cast 262, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIII scene 100 and Coarelli Pl. 119. Ref: RBU2011.8147[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_120_lxxiii_c_8148-web.jpg]25430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIII/C (Scene 100): Trajan receives Ambassadors
Scene 100/C (detail): The emperor, dressed in traveling clothes and flanked by his advisors, receives representatives of peoples who approach as compatriots. The first in line (Germans?) wear trousers and fringed capes, and are bare-chested and bearded. The foreground figure immediately in front of the emperor has a hair-knot (Lepper/Frere: 151) or tight cloth on his head. A hybrid stone and wooden amphitheater forms a backdrop to the scene. It stands outside of the walls of the fortified town just visible to the left.<br />From casts 263-4, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIII scene 100 and Coarelli Pl. 120. Ref: RBU2011.8148[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_img_8148-det-web.jpg]18450TRAJAN'S COLUMN C: Amphitheater (detail)
Scene 100/C: Closer view of the hybrid stone and wooden amphitheater in this scene. From cast 263, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIII scene 100 and Coarelli Pl. 120. Ref: RBU2011.8148-det [img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_121_lxxiv_ci-cii_8151-composite-web.jpg]36170TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIV-LXXV/CI-CII (Scenes 101-102) (Composite)
Scenes 101/CI-102/CII (Composite): Roman troops leave the bridge across the Danube (cast 265). Note the two diminutive trophies at the very top of the relief; these presumably decorated a gate at the end of the bridge, one pier of which is visible to the far left of cast 265. The soldiers are led by a legate, and next to him is the only figure in civilian traveling clothes; this man has been identified as Apollodorus, the designer of the bridge (Coarelli 2000: 165). Meanwhile, in Scene 102, Trajan rides up to a fortification (cast 268) where he is greeted by his troops, and a sacrifice is readied.<br />From casts 265-271, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXIV-LXXV, scenes 101-102 and Coarelli Pls. 121-123. Ref: RBU2011.8151-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_img_3763-101-web.jpg]32970TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scenes 100-101)
Scene 100/C-101/CI: Following Trajan's reception of allied ambassadors (he is visible facing left just above the number "100" in this photo), Roman soldiers are on the march again. They descend a ramp which may indicated the far shore of the bridge crossing at Drobeta. Two trophies that topped the gateway marking the entrance to the bridge are just visible above the damaged section of the relief, projecting into the spiral border. The scene here corresponds to Cichorius Pl LXXIV, scene ci (101). RBU2013.3763.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_121-122_lxxiv-lxxv_ci-cii_8153-web.jpg]31950TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXV/CII (Scene 102): Trajan greeted by his troops
Scene 102/CII (detail): Trajan, accompanied by his equites singulares, raises his hand in greeting to troops standing outside a walled city or fort that stands on the north side of the Danube. An altar readied for sacrifice of thanksgiving for the emperor's safe arrival is visible in the lower right hand corner of the image.<br />From casts 267-268, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXV scene 102 and Coarelli Pl. 122. Ref: RBU2011.8153[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_123_lxxv_cii_8156-web.jpg]29700TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXV/CII (Scene 102): Sacrifice
Scene 102/CII (detail): Trumpeters (cornicines), standard-bearers, a sacrificial bull and his handler (victimarius) await the arrival of the emperor. In front of the bull (not visible in this picture) is an altar and a camillus holding an incense box.<br />From cast 269, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXV scene 102 and Coarelli Pl. 122. Ref: RBU2011.8156[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_123_lxxvi_cii_8157-web.jpg]28840TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXV/CII (Scene 102): A Circular Encampment
Scene 102/CII (detail): A knot of Roman legionaries stands in front of a circular enclosure that is entered by an arched gate. A single tower (or merlon) projects from the right side. A tent is visible within. The smooth, seemingly unfinished (or erased) area to the left of the enclosure is unusual. The branches visible on the far right divide this scene from the next.<br />From casts 270-271, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXV-LXXVI, scene 102 and Coarelli Pl. 123. Ref: RBU2011.8157[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_124_lxxvi_ciii_8158-composite-web.jpg]30801TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVI/CIII (Scene 103) (Suovetaurilia)
Scene 103/CIII (Spiral 16): Trajan dominates the top of the scene. Head covered (capite velato) he presides over the initial stages of a sacrifice. Below the walls the ritual of a suovetaurilia unfolds with victimarii leading the pig, ram, and bull around the walls. Three cornicenes and a tibicen (the musicians) precede the animals. <br />From casts 272-273, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVI, scene 103 and Coarelli Pls. 124-125. Ref: RBU2011.8158-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_124_lxxvi_ciii_8158-web.jpg]28400TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVI/CIII (Scene 103): Victimarii
Scene 103/CIII (detail of the suovetaurilia): A bare-chested victimarius leads a bull to sacrifice. He carries a heavy mallet that will be used to stun the animal at the moment of sacrifice. In the foreground, a second attendant leads a ram. The heads of both men are wreathed, their faces bearded.<br />From cast 272, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVI scene 103 and Coarelli Pl. 124. Ref: RBU2011.8158[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_103-rbu2011_8159-103-tents-web.jpg]21600TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVI/CIII (Scene 103): Tents
Scene 103/CIII: Detail of the tents within the camp where Trajan makes sacrifice.<br />From casts 272-273, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVI, scene 103 and Coarelli Pls. 124-125. Ref: RBU2011.8159.<br />On the northeast vertical axis of the column.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_lxxvii_civ_8163-composite-web.jpg]28000TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII-LXXVIII/CIV (Scene 104) (Composite)
Scene 104/CIV (Spiral 16): Trajan, flanked by two officers, delivers a speech (adlocutio) to a fully armored legion. Scene 104: The officer to the right has been identified as Licinius Sura (Coarelli 2000: 169). A bearded lictor stands in the background with the fasces. Note the plethora of standards and the addition of crests on the helmets of the soldiers "all suggestive of a ceremonial parade of the utmost solemnity: what follows is assuredly to be the final reckoning" (Lepper/Frere 1988: 159).<br />From casts 274-278, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXVII-LXXVIII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pls. 125-127. Ref: RBU2011.8163-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_lxxvii_civ_8164-web.jpg]26310TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104)
Scene 104/CIV (detail): Trajan, flanked by officers and a lictor, prepares to address his troops. Note the bound rods and axe of the fasces in the background, carried by the bearded lictor.<br />From cast 274, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 125. Ref: RBU2011.8164.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_0075-2-web.jpg]24840TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104): Trajan
Scene 104/CIV (detail): Trajan, flanked by officers and a lictor, prepares to address his troops. The officer on the right has been identified as Licinius Sura (Coarelli 2000: 169).<br />From cast 274, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 125. Ref: RBU2012.0075.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_0076-2-det.jpg]24450TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104): Trajan
Scene 104/CIV (detail): Depth of the sculpted relief of the emperor Trajan.<br />From cast 274, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 125. Ref: RBU2012.0076.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125-126_lxxvii_civ_8165-web-2.jpg]25500TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104): adlocutio
Scene 104/CIV (detail): Standard-bearers (including an aquilifer, left) and troops assemble to hear Trajan's address in Scene 104. Roman legionaries are shown, unusually, with crests on their helmets.<br />From casts 275-276, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 126. Ref: RBU2011.8165.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_lxxviii_cv_8167-web.jpg]24250TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII/CIV (Scene 104): cavalryman
Scene 104/CIV (detail): A cavalryman stands with his horse at the far right (back) of the adlocutio scene. Note the ivy-leaf ornaments of the horse's tack, and the oval shield characteristic of riders and auxiliaries.<br />From cast 278, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVIII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 127. Ref: RBU2011.8167.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_lxxviii_cvi_8169-composite-web.jpg]24640TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII-LXXIX/CV-CVI (Scenes 105-106) (Composite)
Scenes 105/CV-106/CVI (Composite): Trajan takes council with his officers in a fort (cast 279). To the right, the emperor (cast 283) leads the army; he is accompanied by standard bearers and a musician (cornicen). In the foreground legionaries march while we see carts laden with supplies follow from behind.<br />From casts 279-284, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXVIII-LXXIX, scenes 105-106 and Coarelli Pls. 127-129. Ref: RBU2011.8169-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_lxxviii_cvi_8169-web.jpg]23430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII/CV (Scene 105): War Council
Scene 105/CV: Compare this to Scene 6, the other of two "Council of War" scenes. In the foreground a castle with semi-cylindrical towers; we are to understand that the emperor is inside the enclosure. Trajan, seated on a rather amorphous block in the middle of the composition, looks backwards, perhaps towards Licinius Sura (Coarelli 2000: 171). A soldier supports a vexillum. Note the disparate proportions: although seated the emperor is at the same height as those standing officers around him.<br />From cast 279, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVIII, scene 105 and Coarelli Pl. 127. Ref: RBU2011.8169.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_0081-web.jpg]22540TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII/CV (Scene 105): Trajan confers
Scene 105/CV: A closer view of Trajan (right) in conference. A vexillum forms the backdrop.From cast 279, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVIII, scene 105 and Coarelli Pl. 127. Ref: RBU2012.0081.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_img_3763-106-web.jpg]24950TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 106)
SCENE 106/CVI: The Roman army is on the march. Trajan himself may be at the head of the column (at top right, just behind the standard; the portrait does not look like him). Along with the standard bearers, a musician (cornicen) plays his trumpet. Note the aquila just behind the cape of the emperor. The rocky outcrop that separates the two lines may indicate a ridge; thus the Roman soldiers are moving along in two parallel valleys. On the far right, the walls of an encampment. From the Column in situ. Similar to Cichorius Pl. LXXIX (Scene 106) and Coarelli Pl. 129.RBU2013.3763.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_129_0084-2-web.jpg]22980TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVI (Scene 106): Leading the March
Scene 106/CVI: at the top of the relief depicting a march, the leader of the "upper" or "farther" column. The identiy of this man is uncertain. He does not look like Trajan; scholars have argued both for and against this identification.<br />From cast 284, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene106 and Coarelli Pl. 129. Ref: RBU2012.0084.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_129_lxxix_cvi_8172-web.jpg]23010TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVI (Scene 106): March
Scene 106/CVI: Following the Council of War Scene in 105, legionaries set out on a march. This close view shows in detail the gear worn by a Roman soldier heading off for war, with characteristic helmet (galea), segmented armor (lorica segmentata), rectangular shield (scutum), and sandals (caligae).<br />From cast 282, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene106 and Coarelli Pls. 128-129. Ref: RBU2011.8172.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_130_lxxix_cvii_8173-web.jpg]22680TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVI (Scene 106): On the March
Scene 106/CVI: Following the Council of War Scene in 105, legionaries set out on a march. The line shown is led by a vexillarius and an aquilifer carrying a vexillum and an eagle standard. Legionaries fill out the rest of the scene.<br />From casts 283-4, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene106 and Coarelli Pl. 129. Ref: RBU2011.8173.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_131_lxxx_cvii_8175-web.jpg]23380TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVII (Scene 107): Pack Animals
Scene 107/CVII: A close view of pack animals being unloaded within an encampment.<br />From casts 284-285, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene107 and Coarelli Pls. 130-131. Ref: RBU2011.8175.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_131_lxxx_cvii_8175-composite-web.jpg]24430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX-LXXX/CVII-CVIII (Scenes 107-108)
Scenes 107/CVII-108/CVIII: The Roman army on the move. Auxiliaries, including as so-called "Eastern" archers with conical helmets and baggy pants, can be seen at the front of the column. Trajan(?) or an officer presides over the march with an aquilifer and an aquila.<br />From casts 285-290, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXIX-LXXX, scenes 107-108 and Coarelli Pls. 130-132. Ref: RBU2011.8175-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_0086-web.jpg]23170TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX/CVII-CVIII (Scene 108)
Scene 108/CVIII: Eastern archers with conical helmets and carrying bows and quivers move along with the Roman forces. A bearded, bare-chested warrior with an oval shield follows behind, perhaps a German ally (Coarelli 2000: 176; one of the "symmachiarii": Rossi 1971: 129).<br />From casts 289-290, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXX-LXXXI, scene 108 and Coarelli Pl.132. Ref: RBU2012.0086.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_0088-2-web.jpg]21570TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX/CVIII (Scene 108)
Scene108/CVIII: Officers and standard-bearers lead the march. The cuirassed leader here does not recall other portraits of Trajan on the Column.<br />From cast 289, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXX, scene 108 and Coarelli Pl. 132. Ref: RBU2012.0088.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_0090-web.jpg]20970TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX/CVIII (Scene 108)
Scene108/CVIII: Detail of the Roman officer leading the march in Scene 108.<br />From cast 289, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXX, scene 108 and Coarelli Pl. 132. Ref: RBU2012.0090.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_lxxxi_cix_8180-composite-web.jpg]23080TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI-LXXXII/CIX-CXI (Scenes 109-111)
Scenes109/CIX-111/CXI: As soldiers construct a camp on the left (Scene 109), others harvest grain outside a walled encampment crowded with tents (Scene 110). On the far right (Scene 111, casts 293) auxiliaries, with the protection offered by rocks and trees, observe a Dacian town, the walls of which are just visible on the far right.<br />From casts 290-294, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXX-LXXXII, scenes 109-111 and Coarelli Pls. 133-134. Ref: RBU2011.8180-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_109-rbu2011-lxxxi_cix_8180-det-archer-web.jpg]20320TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI/CIX (Scene 109)
Scene 109/CIX: Detail of Roman fighters standing outside the walls of a camp. On the left, an archer (Syrian?) with a conical helmet walks with his bow in his left hand. On the right, an auxiliary stands guard (with a crested helmet, an unusual addition; cf. Lepper/Frere 1988:161).<br />From cast 290, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXX, scene 109, and Coarelli Pl. 133. Ref: RBU2011.8180.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_110-rbu2011-lxxxi_cx_8184-web.jpg]20921TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI/CX (Scene 110): Roman harvest
Scene 110/CX: A Roman legionary forages; what is cut with a hand sickle. The rationale for adding this detail here is unclear: time of year? methodical preparation for the final assault?<br />From cast 291, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXI, scene 110, and Coarelli Pl. 133. Ref: RBU2011.8184.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_110-rbu2011_8185-web.jpg]20180TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI/CX (Scene 110): Roman harvest
Scene 110/CX: Detail of a Roman soldier carrying a load of harvested wheat.<br />From cast 291, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXI, scene 110, and Coarelli Pl. 133. Ref: RBU2011.8185. [img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_134_lxxxi-lxxxii_cx-cxi_8186-composite-web.jpg]40812TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI-LXXXIII/CXI-CXII (Scenes 111-112) (Composite)
Scenes 111-112/CXI-CXII (Composite): Scene 111 begins with a cluster of Roman soldiers observing activity around a Dacian towered fortress (casts 294-295), which includes both pileati and comati marching on a rampart in front of the fortifications. A fierce battle ensues outside the walls; Dacians within the fortifications throw their arms up in distress. In the following Scene (112; casts 297-299) Roman soldiers massacre Dacians; others (top row) make their escape. The location is thought to be a fort protecting an approach to the stronghold of the Dacians, Sarmizegethusa (Lepper/Frere 1988: 164; Coarelli suggests the walls here protects Sarmizegethusa itself, 2000: 179).<br />From casts 294-299, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXI-LXXXIII, scenes 111-112 and Coarelli Pls. 134-136. Ref: RBU2011.8186-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_111-rbu2011_8188-adj-det-web.jpg]24430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXII/CX1 (Scene 111): Dacian Soldiers
Scene 111/CXI: Dacian soldiers consult with one another outside the walls of a Dacian fort.<br />From casts 295-296, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXII, scene 111 and Coarelli Pl. 135.. Ref: RBU2011.8188.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_112_rbu2011_8191-web.jpg]23420TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIII/CXII (Scene 112): Fallen Dacians
Scene 112/CXII: Detail of fallen Dacian soldiers.<br />From cast 298, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIII, scene 112 and Coarelli Pl. 136. Ref: RBU2011.8191[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_137_lxxxiii-lxxxiv_cxiii_8194-composite-web.jpg]37692TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIII-LXXXV/CXIII-CXIV (Scenes 113-114) (Composite)
Scenes 113-114/CXIII-CXIV (Composite): Assault on a Dacian fortress, presumably one protecting Sarmizegethusa itself (Coarelli 2000: 181). At the far left two standard bearers appear to pull their standards out of the ground: a signal for attack. Roman attackers scale the wall with ladders (casts 301-303) In scene 114 Trajan plans a second assault (cast 306); war machinery of a curious nature fills the background (casts 307-308). Are they defensive or offensive weapons? Perhaps a form of battering ram suited for pummeling the wall construction depicted: polygonal masonry tied together with horizontal timbers.<br />From casts 300-308, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXIII-LXXXV, scenes 113-114 and Coarelli Pls. 137-140. Ref: RBU2011.8194-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_113_3766-crop-web.jpg]34340TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 113): assault with ladders
Scene 113/CXIII: Standard bearers look on from a tented enclosure as Roman soldiers carrying scaling ladders approach an enemy fortification.<br />From the Column in situ. The image here corresponds to Cichorius Pl. LXXXIII-LXXXIV; Coarelli Pl. 137. RBU2013.3766[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_3765-113-web.jpg]34741TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 113): Detail
Scene 113/CXIII: Two standard-bearers, one with a round shield, in front of an enclosure with tents watch their comrades prepare an assault with ladders. According the Coarelli, "[they pull] their standards out of the ground, as a signal to attack a fortification defended by Dacian warriors" (2000: 181). The scene is shown in Cichorius Pl. LXXXIII; Coarelli Pl. 137.<br />From the Column in situ. RBU2013.3765[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8196-113-web.jpg]32400TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIV/CXIII (Scene 113): Dacian defenders
Scene 113/CXIII: A Dacian defender prepares to hurl a heavy stone on attacking Roman troops. The defender on the right appears to draw on a (missing) bow.<br />From cast 302, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIV, scene 113 and Coarelli Pl. 137. Ref: RBU2011.8196[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8199-web.jpg]31620TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIV/CXIII (Scene 113): Dacian defenders
Scene 113/CXIII: Another Dacian defender prepares to hurl a heavy stone on attacking Roman troops. To his right a tower, reduced in size according to relative scale, crowns the Dacian defenses.<br />From casts 303-4, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIV, scene 113 and Coarelli Pl. 138. Ref: RBU2011.8199[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8200-114-web.jpg]31830TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV/CXIV (Scene 114): Dacian Fortifications
Scene 114/CXIV: Close view of the Dacian walls (Trajan and his officers consult with one another in the foreground). The Dacian fortifications are represented with an external face built of polygonal stones that are tied by wooden beams laid from front to back (murus Gallicus). Crenellations and towers are clearly indicated, and a kind of covered gallery that runs along the top of the wall: a protection against lobbed missiles (cf. Lepper/Frere 1988: 165).<br />From casts 305-6, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIV-LXXXV, scenes 113-114 and Coarelli Pl. 139. Ref: RBU2011.8200[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_139_0091-web.jpg]30510TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV/CXIV (Scene 114): Trajan inspects the fortifications
Scene 114/CXIV: Trajan and his officers consult with one another before the Dacian fortifications. From casts 306-7 now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXV, scene 114 and Coarelli Pl. 139. Ref: RBU2012.0091[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8203-114-web.jpg]31950TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV/CXIV (Scene 114): War Machines
Scene 114/CXIV: Close view of odd machines that have been interpreted variously as serving offensive or defensive purposes: "anxious to show these things to the best advantage, the Maestro has raised the line of the wall almost to the top of the scroll, leaving him just enough room to display their component parts, but no room to show how they were operated and by which side" (Lepper/Free 1988: 165).<br />From cast 308, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXV, scene 114 and Coarelli Pl. 140. Ref: RBU2011.8203[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_140_lxxxv-lxxxvi_cxiv-cxv_8204-composite-web.jpg]33440TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVI/CXV (Scene 115): Dacians fight back
Scene 115/CXV (composite): Roman legionaries, auxiliaries, archers, and barbarian allies assault the Dacian fortress (presumably the same one seen in the previous scene). The Dacians, led by a warrior hurling a boulder on the approaching Romans (cast 311), sally forth to defend their fort, in which soldiers and officers mill about in disarray (top, casts 312-313). Note the two Dacian sicae lying on the ground on cast 311, perhaps dropped by the fallen warriors who lie close by.<br />From casts 309-313, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXVI, scene 115 and Coarelli Pls. 141-142. Ref: RBU2011.8204-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_140_lxxxv-lxxxvi_cxiv-cxv_8204-web.jpg]32240TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVI/CXV (Scene 115): Roman Advance
Scene 115/CXV: Legionaries, auxiliaries, and archers in scaled armor move in a combined attack.<br />From casts 309-310, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXVI, scene 115 and Coarelli Pl. 141. Ref: RBU2011.8204.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_143_lxxxvii_cxvi_8210-web.jpg]32580TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVII/CXVI (Scene 116): Roman assault
Scene 116/CXVI (Composite): A furious battle rages outside the walls of a Dacian fortification. Legionaries use their dolabrae (the pick end) to hack away at a Dacian wall. At the top of casts 313-314 we see Dacian defenders; they appear to be pushing the top courses of their wall (or maybe the merlons only) upon their Roman attackers. The scene ends with the tall tree on the right side.<br />From casts 313-316, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXVII, scene 116 and Coarelli Pl. 143. Ref: RBU2011.8210-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_143-144_lxxxvii-lxxxviii_cxvii_8212-composite-web.jpg]30680TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVIII-LXXXIX/CXVII-CXVIII (Scenes 117-118) (Composite)
Scenes 117-118/CXVII-CXVIII: Roman legionaries clear a forest and prepare wooden platforms (cast 317), perhaps for artillery or breastworks (Lepper/Frere 1988: 168). The Roman siegeworks may include rectangular pits(?; id.) In Scene 118 a bearded, pileate Dacian kneels before Trajan, perhaps to negotiate for surrender (Coarelli 2000: 189). The next scenes of destruction and suicide suggest that this negotiation will fail.<br />From casts 316-322, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXVIII-LXXXIX, scenes 117-118 and Coarelli Pls. 144-145. Ref: RBU2011.8212-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_145_0096-web.jpg]30090TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIX/CXVIII (Scene 118): Submission
Scene 118/CXVIII: A Dacian nobleman ("pileatus", with his cloth cap) kneels before Trajan and stretches out his arms. <br />From casts 319-320, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIX, scene 118 and Coarelli Pl. 145. Ref: RBU2012.0096[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_118_3766-crop-web.jpg]29940TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 118): Submission
Scene 118/CXVIII: A Dacian nobleman ("pileatus", with his cloth cap) kneels before Trajan. In the previous scene (117), to the left, soldiers can be seen clearing and carrying off trunks and limbs of trees.<br />From the Column in situ. Compare to Cichorius Pl. LXXXIX and Coarelli Pl. 145. RBU2013.3766.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_146_xc_cxix_8222-composite-web.jpg]30140TRAJAN'S COLUMN XC-XCII/CXIX-CXXI (Scenes 119-121) (Composite)
Scenes 119-121/CXIX-CXXI: Dacians torch their city to prevent its capture by the Romans in Scene 119 (casts 323-24). Then, as a dead Dacian is borne along a crowd of his despairing countrymen, officers (or perhaps priests; cf. Coarelli 2000: 192) appear to dole out poison for a mass suicide (casts 327-28), followed by scenes of the dead and dying (Scene 121, casts 329-330).<br />From casts 323-330, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. XC-XCII, scenes 119-121 and Coarelli Pls. 146-149. Ref: RBU2011.8222-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_118-rbu2011_8222-web.jpg]19340TRAJAN'S COLUMN XC/CXIX (Scene 119)
Scene 119/CXIX: Dacians torch their own buildings rather than have them captured by the Romans.<br />From casts 323-324, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XC, scene 119 and Coarelli Pl. 146. Ref: RBU2011.8222.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_3344-web.jpg]29550TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU CXX, CXXVII (scenes 120, 127)
Scenes 120/CXX (below, spiral 19) and above Scene 127 (spiral 20): Contrasting scenes of Dacian desperation and Roman industry. In the first, lower scene Dacians engage in what appears to be acts of suicide: poison is ladled from the deep bowl visible on the lower right. Above, Roman soldiers engage in felling trees and building a new fort. From the Column in situ. RBU 2013.3344.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8224-web.jpg]18510TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120)
Scene 120/CXX: Dacians, beseiged withn their city walls, appear to be committing suicide by taking poison rather than be captured by the Romans.<br />From casts 325-326, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 147. Ref: RBU2011.8224.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8225-web.jpg]17990TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120)
Scene 120/CXX: Dacians, beseiged within their city walls, grieve over their fallen comrades (who seem to have died by taking poison rather than being captured).<br />From cast 326, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 147. Ref: RBU2011.8225.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8227-web.jpg]17390TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120): detail
Scene 120/CXX: Detail. Dacians, beseiged within their city walls, grieve over their fallen comrades (who seem to have died by taking poison rather than being captured).<br />From cast 326, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 147. Ref: RBU2011.8227.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8229-web.jpg]18860TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120)
Scene 120/CXX: Detail. Desperate Dacian men, both pileati and comati, stretch their hands towards a Dacian chieftain who appears to be distributing drink from a large bowl or cauldron. The fallen figures around the scene suggest that the men are drinking poison.<br />From cast 327-327, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 148. Ref: RBU2011.8229.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_121_8233-web.jpg]18590TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXXI (Scene 121): Dacian Grief
Scene 121/CXXI: Detail. "The 'pieta' featuring a Dacian pileatus who weeps as he supports the head of a dead comrade is superbly rendered" (Coarelli 2000: 193).<br />From cast 329, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 121 and Coarelli Pl. 149. Ref: RBU2011.8233.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_150_xcii_cxxii_8237-composite-web.jpg]27700TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCII/CXXII (Scene 122) (Composite)
Scene 122/CXXII: In a headlong panic, Dacians abandon their town (walls in the foreground) in anticipation of the approaching Romans.<br />From casts 331-332, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCII, scene 122 and Coarelli Pls. 149-150. Ref: RBU2011.8237-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_151_xcii-xciii_cxxiii_8238-composite-web.jpg]27670TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCII-XCIII/CXXIII (Scene 123) (Composite): Surrender of the Dacians
Scene 123/CXXIII: Accompanied by legionaries and standard-bearers, Trajan receives the surrender of Dacian leading citizens who present their swords to him while kneeling.<br />From casts 332-337, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. XCII-XCIII, scene 123 and Coarelli Pls. 151-152. Ref: RBU2011.8238-composite.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_123-rbu2013-3848-web.jpg]27700TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 123): Dacian subjugation
Scene 123/CXXIII (Spiral 19; southwest axis): A powerful emperor, flanked by officers, is approached by a compact group of Dacians, those closest to Trajan have dropped to their knees. All stretch their hands to implore the emperor. Note how the trees on the upper right break through the upper border of the spiral.<br />From the Column in situ (compare Cichorius Pl. XCIII, Scene CXXIII).RBU2013.3848.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_152-153_xciv_cxxiv-cxxv_8244-composite-web.jpg]26650TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCIV-XCV/CXXIV-CXXVII (Scenes 124-127) (Composite)
Scenes 124-127/CXXIV-CXXVII (from left): Roman soldiers carry loot from a Dacian town; on the far left one holds a sack while the other fills it with booty spilling from a cylindrical container (Scene 127, casts 338-39); Trajan, standing on what appears to be a rocky outcrop, is saluted by his troops in formal acclamation (Scene 125, casts 340-341). In Scene 126 auxiliaries head out of the camp; a significant area of the scene has been lost. Far right, a major construction scene takes place in Scenes 127 (especially casts 344-45). There is some distortion in this composite image from left to right (right figures appear larger in relationship to those on the left).<br />From casts 338-345, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. XCIV-XCV, scenes 124-127 and Coarelli Pls. 153-155. Ref: RBU2011.8244-composite[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_124133_3767-web.jpg]25740TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scenes 123-124; 132-133)
Scenes 123-124/CXXIII-CXXIV (lower spiral): At the center Roman solders are seen loading spoils into sacks.Scenes 132-133 (upper spiral): at the center (Scene 133) a pair of legionaries is seen at work on two boats.<br />From the Column in situ. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCV and Pl. XCVIII, and Coarelli Pl. 153 and Pl. 159. RBU2013.3767.[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_2110-web.jpg]26240TRAJAN'S COLUMN CXXV and CXXXIV (Scenes 125 and 134)
Scenes 125/CXXV and 134/CXXXIV: Two scenes of Roman encampments on the southeast side of the Column. The join between Column drums is clearly visible. On the lower band we see Trajan within an undulating camp wall being greeted by his troops (perhaps a formal acclamation? Coarelli 2000: 198). The quiet of the scene contrasts with the one directly above, where Dacian attackers, holding their shields over their heads for protection, attack a Roman fort. Several of their number lie dead or wounded in the foreground.<br />From the Column in situ, corresponding to Cichorius Scenes 125 and 134. RBU2013.2110[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_i24-8244-124-web.jpg]25990TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCIV/CXXIV (scene 124): Romans Sack a Dacian Town
Scene 124/CXXIV: Legionaries and Auxiliaries sack a Dacian town. On the left one soldier pours loot into a sack held by a comrade. Others carry heavy sacks out from the town.<br />From casts 338-339, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCIV, scenes 124 and Coarelli Pl. 153. Ref: RBU2011.8244[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_125_8246-web.jpg]26140TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCIV/CXXV (scene 125): Acclamation of Trajan
Scene 125/CXXV: After the victory Trajan is acclaimed by his troops. Tents and standards (now poorly preserved) form a backdrop.<br />From casts 339-341, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCIV, scene 125 and Coarelli Pl. 153-154. Ref: RBU2011.8246 ![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_79-80_lviii_lxxix-lxxx_8079-composite-web.jpg]18.8k4TRAJAN'S COLUMN LVIII-LIX/LXXIX-LXXX (Scenes 79-80): ProfectioScene 79/LXXIX: Trajan, standing in the middle of three ships and dressed in traveling clothes, directs his troops as they depart on ships at the beginning of the Second Dacian War. The presence of torches and a lamp on the middle ship suggest that the departure is by night (Lepper/Frere 1988: 129). Harbor buildings dominate the left side; these include temples and an arch crowned with standing male figures. The multi-arched building in the background of cast 208 may represent the boat sheds (navalia) that protected ships when ashore (Coarelli 2000: 137). The harbor is often identified as that of Ancona on the Adriatic coast of Italy (although there is disagreement; cf. Coarelli op. cit.: he suggests Brindisium). Scene 80: locals at the point of arrival (Perhaps Durres?; casts 212-213) greet Trajan and his men. A bull is being sacrificed at the top of cast 212.<br />From casts 207-213, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LVIII-LIX scenes 79-80 and Coarelli Pls. 93-94. RBU2011.8079-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/79-80_lviii_lxxix-lxxx_8079-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_7216-web.jpg]17.1k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LVIII/(Scene 79): Harbor TempleScene 79/LXXIX (detail): A tetrastyle temple of the Ionic (?) order is seen in three-quarter view in the harbor scene. The standing image of a female divinity (perhaps Venus?) that looks like the Louvre "Genetrix" type stands in the doorway. The cella of the shrine is illuminated by a large grated window.<br />From cast 207, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LVIII scene 79 and Coarelli Pl. 93. RBU2011.7216.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_7216-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_3759-web.jpg]16.9k2TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ: Scene LXXIXScene 79/LXXIX: Trajan and his fleet depart to undertake the Second Dacian War. The departure appears to have taken place at night. Here in the actual morning sunlight the figure of Trajan in high relief, emerging from shadow, dominates the scene from the left. From the Column in situ. RBU2013.3759](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_3759-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_80-83_lix-lxi_lxxx-lxxxiii_7235-composite-web.jpg]16.5k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LIX-LXII/LXXX-LXXXIII (Scenes 80-83) (Composite)Scenes 80/LXXX-83/LXXXIII: Composite Image. Trajan and his men cross from Italy onto the western coast of the Balkan Peninsula. On casts 212-213 Trajan's fleet is greeted with a sacrifice that takes place in front of an altar. The emperor is welcomed in front of an open-air portico that encloses a temple. The harbor scene continues across casts 217-218, and the emperor is excorted from town in the profectio of casts 219-220. Cichorius's scene divisions here have been called into question; much of what we see appears to belong to a continuous event that took place upon his landing on the Dalmation coast, perhaps at Zara (although a number of different locales have been proposed).<br />From casts 212-221, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LIX-LXII scenes 80-83 and Coarelli Pls. 94-97. RBU2011.7235-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/80-83_lix-lxi_lxxx-lxxxiii_7235-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_80-rbu2011_7235-cropped-web.jpg]15.5k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX: SacrificeScene 80/LXXX: Having crossed the Adriatic, Trajan is welcomed at a harbor town. A fire burns on a garlanded altar. A bull has just been sacrificed.<br />From casts 212-213, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LIX, scene 80 and Coarelli Pl. 94. RBU2011.7235](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/80-rbu2011_7235-cropped-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_2106-web.jpg]16k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ: Scenes LXXXI and LXXXIXScenes 81/LXXXI and 89/LXXXIX are a contrast of stasis and rapid movement. This view is of the southeast side of the Column (the side that faced the back wall of the Basilica Ulpia). On the lower band Trajan receives citizens in front of a quadriporticus, visible in the background. Above, Trajan (just visible to the right, on the leading horse) heads a march of other riders and men on foot (visible on the left side).<br />From the Column in situ. RBU 2013.2106.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_2106-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8082-web.jpg]15.7k2TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81): A temple precintScene 81/LXXXI (detail): in the background of a harbor town scene we see the top of a temple within a colonnaded Corinthian portico, which is covered by a walkway along its four sides.<br />From casts 214-215, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2011.8082.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8082-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8080-web.jpg]15.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81, detail): Trajan is WelcomedScene 81/LXXXI (detail): The emperor is greeted by local citizens on the Dalmatian coast; all stand in front of a colonnaded temple precinct.<br />From casts 214-215, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2011.8080.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8080-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_81-rbu2012_0019-web.jpg]14.9k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81): TrajanScene 81/LXXXI (detail): Detail of the emperor Trajan (center) flanked by his retinue.<br />From cast 214, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2012.0019.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/81-rbu2012_0019-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_81-rbu2012_0020-web.jpg]14.8k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LX/LXXXI (Scene 81): TrajanScene 81/LXXXI (detail): Detail of the emperor Trajan; front view of the high relief.<br />From cast 214, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LX (Scene 81) and Coarelli Pl. 95. RBU 2012.0020.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/81-rbu2012_0020-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8083-web.jpg]15.3k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI/LXXXII (detail): Roman WarshipScene 82/LXXXII: Roman sailors at work on a warship in the harbor. On the right, a detail of the <em>rostrum</em>, or ramming beak of a Roman warship's prow. Here the <em>rostrum</em> includes three separate protruding elements (either connected by fins or independent of one another; it id not clear from the representation). Note that aft of the beak, the ship is decorated with the depiction of a miniature Roman warship. From casts 217-218, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXI (Scene 82) and Coarelli Pl. 96. RBU 2011.8083.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8083-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_84-85_lxii_lxxxiv-lxxxv_8092-composite-web.jpg]15.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI-LXII/LXXXIV-LXXXV (Scenes 84-85) (Composite)Scenes 84/LXXXIV-85/LXXXV: The arch on the left presumably indicates the exit point from the harbor city of the previous scene. Men with garlands and children move in a procession towards the right in casts 219-220. They accompany Trajan who strides ahead with a flowing cape (at the break between casts 220-221). Another group waits to welcome the emperor on the far right (casts 223-224) while four bulls (two in the foreground and two in the background) are adorned and readied for sacrifice in front of two garlanded altars. On the far right we see a pair of standards with hands at the top ("maniple" standards) and a pair of soldiers peering over the walls of a fortress.<br />From casts 219 - 224, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXI-LXII scenes 83-85 and Coarelli Pls. 98-99. RBU2011.8092-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/84-85_lxii_lxxxiv-lxxxv_8092-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8090-web.jpg]15.2k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI/LXXXIV (Scene 84)Scene 84/LXXXIV: Detail of children who accompany Trajan when he has just left the harbor town (presumably his formal public departure, or "profectio").<br />From cast 219, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXI (Scene 84) and Coarelli Pl. 98. RBU2011.8090](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8090-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8089-web.jpg]15k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXI/LXXXIV (Scene 84)Scene 84/LXXXIV: Detail of civilians (here children) who accompany Trajan when he has just left the harbor town (presumably his "profectio").<br />From cast 220, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXI (Scene 84) and Coarelli Pl. 98. RBU2011.8089](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8089-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_85_lxii_lxxxv_8092-det-web.jpg]14.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV (Scene 85): Sacrifice and altarsScene 85/LXXXV: Preparation for sacrifice. Two altars adorned with garlands are readied for the blood sacrifice. the bulls are being led by half-clad bearded victimarii.From casts 221 - 222, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. RBU2011.8092.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/85_lxii_lxxxv_8092-det-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8095-web.jpg]15k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXII/LXXXV (Scene 85)Scene 85/LXXXV (Detail): A victimarius leads a bull to sacrifice.<br />From cast 222, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXII (Scene 85) and Coarelli Pl. 98. RBU2011.8095.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8095-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8096-web.jpg]14.9k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXII/LXXXV (Scene 85): military standardsScene 84/LXXXIV: Detail of Roman military standards decorated with discs (form of a patera) and topped by a hand.<br />From cast 223, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXII (Scene 85) and Coarelli Pl. 99. RBU2011.8096](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8096-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_100-101_lxiii_lxxxvi_8098-composite-web.jpg]15.4k1TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIII/LXXXVI (Scene 86) (Composite)Scene 86/LXXXVI (Composite): Trajan (cast 226), having just disembarked at a port, pours a libation over an altar while a bull is readied for sacrifice. In the background, there are legionary standards (signa) and the buildings of a town, including representations of a portico with an enclosed garden (left, behind the standards), a theater, and a temple. On the far right, a cargo ship with its swan-shaped stern, steering oar, and anchor.<br />From casts 225 - 228, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIII scene 86 and Coarelli Pls. 100-101. RBU2011.8098-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/100-101_lxiii_lxxxvi_8098-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8100-web.jpg]14.9k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIII/LXXXVI (Scene 86)Scene 86/LXXXVI (detail): Trajan makes sacrifice at an altar upon arrival. He holds a patera and pours a libation upon the flame.<br />From cast 226, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIII scene 86 and Coarelli Pl. 100. RBU2011.8100.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8100-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8101-web.jpg]14.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIII/LXXXVI (Scene 86)Scene 86/LXXXVI (detail): Sacrifice of a bull in the harbor town upon the arrival of the emperor.<br />From cast 227, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIII scene 86 and Coarelli Pl. 101. RBU2011.8101.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8101-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_102_lxvi_lxxxvii_8104-composite-web.jpg]14.8k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIV-LXV/LXXXVII-LXXXIX (Scenes 87-89) (Composite)Composite image of Scenes 87/LXXXVII-89/LXXXIX: Soldiers, led by Trajan who is framed by standards (Cast 230), all wearing traveling clothes, depart from the coast (note the ship in the background of cast 229). The rocky outcrop on the left (229) may indicate the shore of Dalmatia (Coarelli 2000: 46). The entourage passes by a walled city (background, casts 232-233). A second procession appears to start at the right side of the walled city (Cichorius Scene 89). At the head of a group of horsemen a mounted Trajan moves swiftly to the right.<br />From casts 229 - 235, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXIV-LXV scenes 87-89 and Coarelli Pls. 102-104. RBU2011.8104-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/102_lxvi_lxxxvii_8104-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_90-rbu2016_6802-web.jpg]12.3k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ (Scenes LXXXIX-XC): Trajan's ReceptionScenes 89-90/LXXXIX_XC: at the head of a mounted column, Trajan (arrow) is welcomed by local Dacians.<br />RBU2016.6802.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/90-rbu2016_6802-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_3811-web.jpg]14.8k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN in situ (Scene XC): Trajan's ReceptionScene 90/XC: Trajan, at the head of a group of horsemen, arrives in Dacian territory that has been "pacified." He rides at the lead, focus achieved by placing his head against a plain background. Dacian men and their children reach out to him with gestures of welcome. From the Column in situ. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXV scene 90 and Coarelli Pl. 105. RBU2013.3811.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_3811-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_img_8110-web.jpg]14.6k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXV/XC (Scene 90): TrajanScene 90/XC: Detail of the emperor Trajan on horseback and in his traveling clothes. He has just arrived in Dacian territory.<br />From cast 235, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXV scene 90 and Coarelli Pl. 105. RBU2011.8110](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/img_8110-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_106_lxvi_xci_8114-composite-web.jpg]15k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVI/XIC (Scene 91)- CompositeScene 91/XCI: Trajan performs a sacrifice at an altar (cast 237), pouring a libation from his patera as he is attended by an aulos player and camillus. He is accompanied by both togate Romans and Dacians, including a number of children who stand in the foreground. Along the top of the scene victimarii lead bulls to sacrifice. Note the series of individual altars at which the separate sacrifices will take place. "The scene is said to have taken place on the battlefield of Tapae, where an annual ceremony was held" (Coarelli 2000: 151).<br />From casts 237-240, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVI scene 91 and Coarelli Pls. 106-107. RBU2011.8114-composite](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/106_lxvi_xci_8114-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/thumbs/thumbs_106_lxvi_xci_8115-web.jpg]14.7k0TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVI/XIC (Scene 91): Trajan SacrificesScene 91/XCI (detail): Trajan conducts a sacrifice with attendants.<br />From cast 237, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVI scene 91 and Coarelli Pl. 106. RBU2011.8115](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes79-91/106_lxvi_xci_8115-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_108-109_lxvii_xcii_8121-composite-web.jpg]46331TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVII/XCII (Scene 92): Forest Clearing and ConstructionScene 92/XCII: In the foreground, Soldiers wearing short tunics fell trees with axes (dolabra), apparently to build a road through a mountainous area. Trenching and digging activities fill the background.<br />From casts 241-244, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVII scene 92 and Coarelli Pl. 109. Ref: RBU2011.8121-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/108-109_lxvii_xcii_8121-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_3828-crop-92-web.jpg]41171TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 92)Scene 92/XCII: Soldiers cut their way through a forest. Note the fortified camp partially concealed by the trees. It is unusual, to say the least, that the woodcutters are not wearing armor. Cichorius considered them special forces from the Roman fleet (classiarii); thus perhaps "marines" at work (cf. commentary in Lepper/Frere 1988: 143). Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVII; Coarelli Pl. 109; Lehmann-Hartleben Taf. 42. From the Column in situ. RBU2013.3828.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_3828-crop-92-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_109_lxvii_xcii_8122-web.jpg]38160TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVII/XCII (Scene 92): Wielding an axeScene 92/XCII: A detail of a soldier, wearing a tunic, swinging his axe.<br />From cast 242, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVII scene 92 and Coarelli Pl. 109. Ref: RBU2011.8122](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/109_lxvii_xcii_8122-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_111_lxviii_xciii_8125-composite-web.jpg]38160TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII-LXX/XCIII-XCV (Scenes 93-95) (Composite)Scenes 93-95. Dacians gather in a fortified camp (casts 245-247) where Decebalus, armed with a long sword hanging from his right hip, holds a war council (cast 247). To the right of the fort (cast 248) a group of agitated Dacians run to warn of imminent danger. A Roman fort is attacked (casts 250-251) resulting in heavy Dacian losses; a second assault on a Roman fortification occurs on the far right. <br />From casts 245-252, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXVIII-LXX, scenes 93-95 and Coarelli Pls. 110-114. Ref: RBU2011.8125-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/111_lxviii_xciii_8125-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8125-web.jpg]35610TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): A Dacian fortScene 93/XCIII (detail): A band of Dacians rushes into a Dacian fort to attend a war council with their leader, Decebalus.<br />From cast 245, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 111. Ref: RBU2011.8125](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8125-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8126-web.jpg]33220TRAJAN'S COLUMN LVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): Dacian soldiersScene 93/XCIII (detail): Close view of three Dacians rushing into a Dacian fort to attend a war council with their leader, Decebalus.<br />From cast 245, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 111. Ref: RBU2011.8126](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8126-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8127-web.jpg]33110TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): DecebalusScene 93/XCIII (detail): Decebalus, king of the Dacians, stands with his advisors as he plans a major offensive against the Romans. The is one of <a href="http://www.trajans-column.org/?page_id=866">six scenes</a> that are thought to represent the Dacian king. <br />From cast 247, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 111. Ref: RBU2011.8127](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8127-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8129-web.jpg]32120TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXVIII/XCIII (Scene 93): Dacians in RetreatScene 93/XCIII (detail): While one Dacian stands his ground (far right) two others run towards the fort where Decebalus is planning his offensive. We can interpret them either as running to warn the Dacian conclave or running in retreat against the wave of a Roman counter-offensive (in the latter case they would then belong to Cichorius Scene 94).<br />From cast 248, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXVIII, scene 93 and Coarelli Pl. 112. Ref: RBU2011.8129](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8129-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8132-web.jpg]31880TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIX/XCIV (Scene 94): Roman defendersScene 94/XCIV (detail): Roman soldiers defend their fort. Below the walls, in the foreground, other Roman soldiers sally forth to challenge the Dacian attackers.From cast 250, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXIX, scene 94 and Coarelli Pl. 113. Ref: RBU2011.8132](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8132-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_114-115_lxx_xcv-xcvi_8133-composite-web.jpg]33950TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXIX-LXXI/XCIV-XCVII (Scenes 94-97) (Composite)Scenes 94-97: The Dacians assault a Roman fortress defended by Roman auxiliaries (casts 252-253) and suffer many casualties; the dead and wounded shown along the lowest zone of casts 251-254. Roman reinforcements arrive at the top of Scene 95 (upper zone of cast 253). Trajan rides in his battle gear to rally his troops as a line of legionaries attempts to break down a wall (or to defend it with their axes, the readings of this scene are controversial; cast 254); others, dressed in simple tunics, work to clear a forest (casts 256-257). "It is undeniable that the Maestro's design is too compressed here to provide a happy solution to his problems of presentation" (Lepper/Frere 1988: 145).<br />From casts 251-257, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXIX-LXXI, scenes 94-97 and Coarelli Pls. 114-117. Ref: RBU2011.8133-composite](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/114-115_lxx_xcv-xcvi_8133-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_3811-web.jpg]33000TRAJAN'S COLUMN (Scenes 95-96): Romans under attackScenes 95-96: Dacians mount a furious attack against a double wall protected by Roman auxiliary troops. At the top, a Roman legion, led by a legate, has arrived to help. <br />From the Column in situ. Cf. Coarelli Pls. 114 and 115.Ref: RBU2013.3811.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_3811-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8135-web.jpg]31471TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXX/XCVI (Scene 96): CombatScene 96/XCVI: A Roman and a Dacian face off, the latter raises his falx to strike.<br />From cast 253, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXX, scene 96 and Coarelli Pl. 115. Ref: RBU2011.8135](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8135-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8136-web.jpg]30740TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXX/XCVI (Scene 96): Fallen DacianScene 96/XCVI: Collapse of a Dacian warrior. Note the seam between two column drums that passes through the hands of the figure.<br />From cast 254, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXX, scene 96 and Coarelli Pl. 115. Ref: RBU2011.8136](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8136-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/thumbs/thumbs_img_8137-web.jpg]31970TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXI/XCVII (Scene 97): TrajanScene 97/XCVII: Trajan arrives at a flying gallop to assist his men attacking the Dacian fort.<br />From cast 255, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXI, scene 97 and Coarelli Pl. 116. Ref: RBU2011.8137](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes91-97/img_8137-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_117_lxxi-lxxii_xcviii_8141-composite-web.jpg]39442TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXI-LXXIII/XCVIII-C (Scenes 98-100) (Composite)Scenes 98/XCVIII-100/C (Composite). Trajan performs a sacrifice in front of a fortified camp next to Apollodorus of Damascus' monumental bridge across the Danube. Later (casts 263-264), Trajan receives embassies from diverse ethnic groups in a Romanized city complete with a hybrid stone and timbered amphitheater and walls of cut stone.<br />From casts 257-264, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXI-LXXIII, scenes 98-100 and Coarelli Pls. 117-120. Ref: RBU2011.8141-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/117_lxxi-lxxii_xcviii_8141-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_117_lxxi-lxxii_xcviii_8141-web.jpg]34250TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXI-LXXII/XCVIII (Scene 98): LegionariesScene 98/XCVIII (detail): Roman legionaries stand outside a fortified encampment, looking to the viewer's right (towards Scene 99), where the emperor performs a sacrifice in front of the Danube bridge.<br />From casts 257-258, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXI-LXXII, scene 98 and Coarelli Pl. 117. Ref: RBU2011.8141.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/117_lxxi-lxxii_xcviii_8141-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_117_lxxii_xcviii_8142-web.jpg]31830TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCVIII (Scene 98): LegionariesScene 98/XCVIII (detail): A pair of legionaries. The two faces are near mirror images of one another, with idealized, classicizing visages. The sculptor (or sculptors) has varied the treatment of the hair, breaking monotony and creating a sense of individuality. Their bearded faces are in contrast to the smooth-shaven portrayals of the emperor, and foreshadow official imperial portraiture under Trajan's successor, Hadrian (117-138).<br />From cast 258, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII, scene 98 and Coarelli Pl. 117. Ref: RBU2011.8142.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/117_lxxii_xcviii_8142-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_118_lxxii_xcix_8144a-web.jpg]31060TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): sacrificeScene 99/XCIX: Trajan, dressed in traveling clothes, and his attendants (including the camillus holding an incense box (acerra) and a tibicen playing the double flute) conduct the initial libation for a sacrifice of a bull in front of the newly-built bridge over the Danube. It is possible that Apollodorus, the designer of the bridge (and perhaps the master-mind behind the decoration of the Column) is shown directly behind the emperor (Coarelli 2000: 162).<br />From cast 259-261, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2011.8144](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/118_lxxii_xcix_8144a-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_99-rbu2012_0054-web.jpg]22710TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): TrajanScene 99/XCIX: Close view of the emperor Trajan in the act of sacrifice at the Danube bridge.<br />From cast 260, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2012.0054](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/99-rbu2012_0054-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_99-rbu2012_0056-web.jpg]21290TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): TrajanScene 99/XCIX: Close view of the emperor Trajan (frontal view) in the act of sacrifice at the Danube bridge.<br />From cast 260, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2012.0056](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/99-rbu2012_0056-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_img_2213_web.jpg]26640TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): sacrificeScene 99/XCIX: Detail of attendants assisting Trajan at his sacrifice in front of the Danube bridge. Trajan's hand, holding a patera, is visible center right. A long-haired camillus holds an incense box, while a musician plays the double flute.<br />From cast 260, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2009.2213](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/img_2213_web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_118_lxxii_xcviii-xcix_8143-web.jpg]28970TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXII/XCIX (Scene 99): The Danube BridgeScene 99/XCIX: Detail of the bridge built to transport the Roman army over the Danube river. The spans of the bridge, formed as a series of segmental arches made from wooden beams supported by masonry piers, were designed by Trajan's famed architect, Apollodorus of Damascus.<br />From casts 259-261, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXII scene 99 and Coarelli Pl. 118. Ref: RBU2011.8143](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/118_lxxii_xcviii-xcix_8143-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_119-lxxiii_c_8147-web.jpg]25660TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIII/C (Scene 100): Foreign EmbassiesScene 100/C (detail): In front of a walled town (Drobeta? Coarelli 2000: 163) built of odd ("barbarian") planked structures (including, rather implausibly, the roofing of one building) foreign ambassadors await reception by the emperor, who stands off to the right (not visible). In this detail, on the right, stand men in long robes; the one on the left may be wearing gloves. The cylindrical object resting on the ground to the left seems to represent a quiver (Coulston 1990: 294). Cichorius suggested they are denizens of northern lands. The horsemen with hats in the form of truncated cones have been proposed as Sarmatian Iazyges, cf. Cichrorius and Lepper/Frere (1988: 152).<br />From cast 262, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIII scene 100 and Coarelli Pl. 119. Ref: RBU2011.8147](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/119-lxxiii_c_8147-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_120_lxxiii_c_8148-web.jpg]25430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIII/C (Scene 100): Trajan receives AmbassadorsScene 100/C (detail): The emperor, dressed in traveling clothes and flanked by his advisors, receives representatives of peoples who approach as compatriots. The first in line (Germans?) wear trousers and fringed capes, and are bare-chested and bearded. The foreground figure immediately in front of the emperor has a hair-knot (Lepper/Frere: 151) or tight cloth on his head. A hybrid stone and wooden amphitheater forms a backdrop to the scene. It stands outside of the walls of the fortified town just visible to the left.<br />From casts 263-4, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIII scene 100 and Coarelli Pl. 120. Ref: RBU2011.8148](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/120_lxxiii_c_8148-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/thumbs/thumbs_img_8148-det-web.jpg]18450TRAJAN'S COLUMN C: Amphitheater (detail)Scene 100/C: Closer view of the hybrid stone and wooden amphitheater in this scene. From cast 263, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIII scene 100 and Coarelli Pl. 120. Ref: RBU2011.8148-det](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes98-100/img_8148-det-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_121_lxxiv_ci-cii_8151-composite-web.jpg]36170TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIV-LXXV/CI-CII (Scenes 101-102) (Composite)Scenes 101/CI-102/CII (Composite): Roman troops leave the bridge across the Danube (cast 265). Note the two diminutive trophies at the very top of the relief; these presumably decorated a gate at the end of the bridge, one pier of which is visible to the far left of cast 265. The soldiers are led by a legate, and next to him is the only figure in civilian traveling clothes; this man has been identified as Apollodorus, the designer of the bridge (Coarelli 2000: 165). Meanwhile, in Scene 102, Trajan rides up to a fortification (cast 268) where he is greeted by his troops, and a sacrifice is readied.<br />From casts 265-271, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXIV-LXXV, scenes 101-102 and Coarelli Pls. 121-123. Ref: RBU2011.8151-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/121_lxxiv_ci-cii_8151-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_img_3763-101-web.jpg]32970TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scenes 100-101)Scene 100/C-101/CI: Following Trajan's reception of allied ambassadors (he is visible facing left just above the number "100" in this photo), Roman soldiers are on the march again. They descend a ramp which may indicated the far shore of the bridge crossing at Drobeta. Two trophies that topped the gateway marking the entrance to the bridge are just visible above the damaged section of the relief, projecting into the spiral border. The scene here corresponds to Cichorius Pl LXXIV, scene ci (101). RBU2013.3763.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/img_3763-101-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_121-122_lxxiv-lxxv_ci-cii_8153-web.jpg]31950TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXV/CII (Scene 102): Trajan greeted by his troopsScene 102/CII (detail): Trajan, accompanied by his equites singulares, raises his hand in greeting to troops standing outside a walled city or fort that stands on the north side of the Danube. An altar readied for sacrifice of thanksgiving for the emperor's safe arrival is visible in the lower right hand corner of the image.<br />From casts 267-268, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXV scene 102 and Coarelli Pl. 122. Ref: RBU2011.8153](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/121-122_lxxiv-lxxv_ci-cii_8153-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_123_lxxv_cii_8156-web.jpg]29700TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXV/CII (Scene 102): SacrificeScene 102/CII (detail): Trumpeters (cornicines), standard-bearers, a sacrificial bull and his handler (victimarius) await the arrival of the emperor. In front of the bull (not visible in this picture) is an altar and a camillus holding an incense box.<br />From cast 269, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXV scene 102 and Coarelli Pl. 122. Ref: RBU2011.8156](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/123_lxxv_cii_8156-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_123_lxxvi_cii_8157-web.jpg]28840TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXV/CII (Scene 102): A Circular EncampmentScene 102/CII (detail): A knot of Roman legionaries stands in front of a circular enclosure that is entered by an arched gate. A single tower (or merlon) projects from the right side. A tent is visible within. The smooth, seemingly unfinished (or erased) area to the left of the enclosure is unusual. The branches visible on the far right divide this scene from the next.<br />From casts 270-271, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXV-LXXVI, scene 102 and Coarelli Pl. 123. Ref: RBU2011.8157](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/123_lxxvi_cii_8157-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_124_lxxvi_ciii_8158-composite-web.jpg]30801TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVI/CIII (Scene 103) (Suovetaurilia)Scene 103/CIII (Spiral 16): Trajan dominates the top of the scene. Head covered (capite velato) he presides over the initial stages of a sacrifice. Below the walls the ritual of a suovetaurilia unfolds with victimarii leading the pig, ram, and bull around the walls. Three cornicenes and a tibicen (the musicians) precede the animals. <br />From casts 272-273, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVI, scene 103 and Coarelli Pls. 124-125. Ref: RBU2011.8158-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/124_lxxvi_ciii_8158-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_124_lxxvi_ciii_8158-web.jpg]28400TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVI/CIII (Scene 103): VictimariiScene 103/CIII (detail of the suovetaurilia): A bare-chested victimarius leads a bull to sacrifice. He carries a heavy mallet that will be used to stun the animal at the moment of sacrifice. In the foreground, a second attendant leads a ram. The heads of both men are wreathed, their faces bearded.<br />From cast 272, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVI scene 103 and Coarelli Pl. 124. Ref: RBU2011.8158](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/124_lxxvi_ciii_8158-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_103-rbu2011_8159-103-tents-web.jpg]21600TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVI/CIII (Scene 103): TentsScene 103/CIII: Detail of the tents within the camp where Trajan makes sacrifice.<br />From casts 272-273, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVI, scene 103 and Coarelli Pls. 124-125. Ref: RBU2011.8159.<br />On the northeast vertical axis of the column.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/103-rbu2011_8159-103-tents-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_lxxvii_civ_8163-composite-web.jpg]28000TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII-LXXVIII/CIV (Scene 104) (Composite)Scene 104/CIV (Spiral 16): Trajan, flanked by two officers, delivers a speech (adlocutio) to a fully armored legion. Scene 104: The officer to the right has been identified as Licinius Sura (Coarelli 2000: 169). A bearded lictor stands in the background with the fasces. Note the plethora of standards and the addition of crests on the helmets of the soldiers "all suggestive of a ceremonial parade of the utmost solemnity: what follows is assuredly to be the final reckoning" (Lepper/Frere 1988: 159).<br />From casts 274-278, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXVII-LXXVIII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pls. 125-127. Ref: RBU2011.8163-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/125_lxxvii_civ_8163-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_lxxvii_civ_8164-web.jpg]26310TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104)Scene 104/CIV (detail): Trajan, flanked by officers and a lictor, prepares to address his troops. Note the bound rods and axe of the fasces in the background, carried by the bearded lictor.<br />From cast 274, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 125. Ref: RBU2011.8164.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/125_lxxvii_civ_8164-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_0075-2-web.jpg]24840TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104): TrajanScene 104/CIV (detail): Trajan, flanked by officers and a lictor, prepares to address his troops. The officer on the right has been identified as Licinius Sura (Coarelli 2000: 169).<br />From cast 274, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 125. Ref: RBU2012.0075.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/125_0075-2-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125_0076-2-det.jpg]24450TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104): TrajanScene 104/CIV (detail): Depth of the sculpted relief of the emperor Trajan.<br />From cast 274, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 125. Ref: RBU2012.0076.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/125_0076-2-det.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_125-126_lxxvii_civ_8165-web-2.jpg]25500TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVII/CIV (Scene 104): adlocutioScene 104/CIV (detail): Standard-bearers (including an aquilifer, left) and troops assemble to hear Trajan's address in Scene 104. Roman legionaries are shown, unusually, with crests on their helmets.<br />From casts 275-276, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 126. Ref: RBU2011.8165.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/125-126_lxxvii_civ_8165-web-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_lxxviii_cv_8167-web.jpg]24250TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII/CIV (Scene 104): cavalrymanScene 104/CIV (detail): A cavalryman stands with his horse at the far right (back) of the adlocutio scene. Note the ivy-leaf ornaments of the horse's tack, and the oval shield characteristic of riders and auxiliaries.<br />From cast 278, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVIII, scene 104 and Coarelli Pl. 127. Ref: RBU2011.8167.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/127_lxxviii_cv_8167-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_lxxviii_cvi_8169-composite-web.jpg]24640TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII-LXXIX/CV-CVI (Scenes 105-106) (Composite)Scenes 105/CV-106/CVI (Composite): Trajan takes council with his officers in a fort (cast 279). To the right, the emperor (cast 283) leads the army; he is accompanied by standard bearers and a musician (cornicen). In the foreground legionaries march while we see carts laden with supplies follow from behind.<br />From casts 279-284, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXVIII-LXXIX, scenes 105-106 and Coarelli Pls. 127-129. Ref: RBU2011.8169-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/127_lxxviii_cvi_8169-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_lxxviii_cvi_8169-web.jpg]23430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII/CV (Scene 105): War CouncilScene 105/CV: Compare this to Scene 6, the other of two "Council of War" scenes. In the foreground a castle with semi-cylindrical towers; we are to understand that the emperor is inside the enclosure. Trajan, seated on a rather amorphous block in the middle of the composition, looks backwards, perhaps towards Licinius Sura (Coarelli 2000: 171). A soldier supports a vexillum. Note the disparate proportions: although seated the emperor is at the same height as those standing officers around him.<br />From cast 279, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVIII, scene 105 and Coarelli Pl. 127. Ref: RBU2011.8169.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/127_lxxviii_cvi_8169-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_127_0081-web.jpg]22540TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXVIII/CV (Scene 105): Trajan confersScene 105/CV: A closer view of Trajan (right) in conference. A vexillum forms the backdrop.From cast 279, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXVIII, scene 105 and Coarelli Pl. 127. Ref: RBU2012.0081.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/127_0081-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_img_3763-106-web.jpg]24950TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 106)SCENE 106/CVI: The Roman army is on the march. Trajan himself may be at the head of the column (at top right, just behind the standard; the portrait does not look like him). Along with the standard bearers, a musician (cornicen) plays his trumpet. Note the aquila just behind the cape of the emperor. The rocky outcrop that separates the two lines may indicate a ridge; thus the Roman soldiers are moving along in two parallel valleys. On the far right, the walls of an encampment. From the Column in situ. Similar to Cichorius Pl. LXXIX (Scene 106) and Coarelli Pl. 129.RBU2013.3763.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/img_3763-106-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_129_0084-2-web.jpg]22980TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVI (Scene 106): Leading the MarchScene 106/CVI: at the top of the relief depicting a march, the leader of the "upper" or "farther" column. The identiy of this man is uncertain. He does not look like Trajan; scholars have argued both for and against this identification.<br />From cast 284, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene106 and Coarelli Pl. 129. Ref: RBU2012.0084.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/129_0084-2-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_129_lxxix_cvi_8172-web.jpg]23010TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVI (Scene 106): MarchScene 106/CVI: Following the Council of War Scene in 105, legionaries set out on a march. This close view shows in detail the gear worn by a Roman soldier heading off for war, with characteristic helmet (galea), segmented armor (lorica segmentata), rectangular shield (scutum), and sandals (caligae).<br />From cast 282, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene106 and Coarelli Pls. 128-129. Ref: RBU2011.8172.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/129_lxxix_cvi_8172-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_130_lxxix_cvii_8173-web.jpg]22680TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVI (Scene 106): On the MarchScene 106/CVI: Following the Council of War Scene in 105, legionaries set out on a march. The line shown is led by a vexillarius and an aquilifer carrying a vexillum and an eagle standard. Legionaries fill out the rest of the scene.<br />From casts 283-4, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene106 and Coarelli Pl. 129. Ref: RBU2011.8173.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/130_lxxix_cvii_8173-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_131_lxxx_cvii_8175-web.jpg]23380TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX/CVII (Scene 107): Pack AnimalsScene 107/CVII: A close view of pack animals being unloaded within an encampment.<br />From casts 284-285, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXIX, scene107 and Coarelli Pls. 130-131. Ref: RBU2011.8175.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/131_lxxx_cvii_8175-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_131_lxxx_cvii_8175-composite-web.jpg]24430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXIX-LXXX/CVII-CVIII (Scenes 107-108)Scenes 107/CVII-108/CVIII: The Roman army on the move. Auxiliaries, including as so-called "Eastern" archers with conical helmets and baggy pants, can be seen at the front of the column. Trajan(?) or an officer presides over the march with an aquilifer and an aquila.<br />From casts 285-290, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXIX-LXXX, scenes 107-108 and Coarelli Pls. 130-132. Ref: RBU2011.8175-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/131_lxxx_cvii_8175-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_0086-web.jpg]23170TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX/CVII-CVIII (Scene 108)Scene 108/CVIII: Eastern archers with conical helmets and carrying bows and quivers move along with the Roman forces. A bearded, bare-chested warrior with an oval shield follows behind, perhaps a German ally (Coarelli 2000: 176; one of the "symmachiarii": Rossi 1971: 129).<br />From casts 289-290, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXX-LXXXI, scene 108 and Coarelli Pl.132. Ref: RBU2012.0086.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/132_0086-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_0088-2-web.jpg]21570TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX/CVIII (Scene 108)Scene108/CVIII: Officers and standard-bearers lead the march. The cuirassed leader here does not recall other portraits of Trajan on the Column.<br />From cast 289, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXX, scene 108 and Coarelli Pl. 132. Ref: RBU2012.0088.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/132_0088-2-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_0090-web.jpg]20970TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXX/CVIII (Scene 108)Scene108/CVIII: Detail of the Roman officer leading the march in Scene 108.<br />From cast 289, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXX, scene 108 and Coarelli Pl. 132. Ref: RBU2012.0090.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/132_0090-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_132_lxxxi_cix_8180-composite-web.jpg]23080TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI-LXXXII/CIX-CXI (Scenes 109-111)Scenes109/CIX-111/CXI: As soldiers construct a camp on the left (Scene 109), others harvest grain outside a walled encampment crowded with tents (Scene 110). On the far right (Scene 111, casts 293) auxiliaries, with the protection offered by rocks and trees, observe a Dacian town, the walls of which are just visible on the far right.<br />From casts 290-294, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXX-LXXXII, scenes 109-111 and Coarelli Pls. 133-134. Ref: RBU2011.8180-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/132_lxxxi_cix_8180-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_109-rbu2011-lxxxi_cix_8180-det-archer-web.jpg]20320TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI/CIX (Scene 109)Scene 109/CIX: Detail of Roman fighters standing outside the walls of a camp. On the left, an archer (Syrian?) with a conical helmet walks with his bow in his left hand. On the right, an auxiliary stands guard (with a crested helmet, an unusual addition; cf. Lepper/Frere 1988:161).<br />From cast 290, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXX, scene 109, and Coarelli Pl. 133. Ref: RBU2011.8180.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/109-rbu2011-lxxxi_cix_8180-det-archer-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_110-rbu2011-lxxxi_cx_8184-web.jpg]20921TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI/CX (Scene 110): Roman harvestScene 110/CX: A Roman legionary forages; what is cut with a hand sickle. The rationale for adding this detail here is unclear: time of year? methodical preparation for the final assault?<br />From cast 291, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXI, scene 110, and Coarelli Pl. 133. Ref: RBU2011.8184.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/110-rbu2011-lxxxi_cx_8184-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/thumbs/thumbs_110-rbu2011_8185-web.jpg]20180TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI/CX (Scene 110): Roman harvestScene 110/CX: Detail of a Roman soldier carrying a load of harvested wheat.<br />From cast 291, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXI, scene 110, and Coarelli Pl. 133. Ref: RBU2011.8185.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes101-110/110-rbu2011_8185-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_134_lxxxi-lxxxii_cx-cxi_8186-composite-web.jpg]40812TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXI-LXXXIII/CXI-CXII (Scenes 111-112) (Composite)Scenes 111-112/CXI-CXII (Composite): Scene 111 begins with a cluster of Roman soldiers observing activity around a Dacian towered fortress (casts 294-295), which includes both pileati and comati marching on a rampart in front of the fortifications. A fierce battle ensues outside the walls; Dacians within the fortifications throw their arms up in distress. In the following Scene (112; casts 297-299) Roman soldiers massacre Dacians; others (top row) make their escape. The location is thought to be a fort protecting an approach to the stronghold of the Dacians, Sarmizegethusa (Lepper/Frere 1988: 164; Coarelli suggests the walls here protects Sarmizegethusa itself, 2000: 179).<br />From casts 294-299, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXI-LXXXIII, scenes 111-112 and Coarelli Pls. 134-136. Ref: RBU2011.8186-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/134_lxxxi-lxxxii_cx-cxi_8186-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_111-rbu2011_8188-adj-det-web.jpg]24430TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXII/CX1 (Scene 111): Dacian SoldiersScene 111/CXI: Dacian soldiers consult with one another outside the walls of a Dacian fort.<br />From casts 295-296, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXII, scene 111 and Coarelli Pl. 135.. Ref: RBU2011.8188.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/111-rbu2011_8188-adj-det-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_112_rbu2011_8191-web.jpg]23420TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIII/CXII (Scene 112): Fallen DaciansScene 112/CXII: Detail of fallen Dacian soldiers.<br />From cast 298, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIII, scene 112 and Coarelli Pl. 136. Ref: RBU2011.8191](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/112_rbu2011_8191-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_137_lxxxiii-lxxxiv_cxiii_8194-composite-web.jpg]37692TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIII-LXXXV/CXIII-CXIV (Scenes 113-114) (Composite)Scenes 113-114/CXIII-CXIV (Composite): Assault on a Dacian fortress, presumably one protecting Sarmizegethusa itself (Coarelli 2000: 181). At the far left two standard bearers appear to pull their standards out of the ground: a signal for attack. Roman attackers scale the wall with ladders (casts 301-303) In scene 114 Trajan plans a second assault (cast 306); war machinery of a curious nature fills the background (casts 307-308). Are they defensive or offensive weapons? Perhaps a form of battering ram suited for pummeling the wall construction depicted: polygonal masonry tied together with horizontal timbers.<br />From casts 300-308, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXIII-LXXXV, scenes 113-114 and Coarelli Pls. 137-140. Ref: RBU2011.8194-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/137_lxxxiii-lxxxiv_cxiii_8194-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_113_3766-crop-web.jpg]34340TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 113): assault with laddersScene 113/CXIII: Standard bearers look on from a tented enclosure as Roman soldiers carrying scaling ladders approach an enemy fortification.<br />From the Column in situ. The image here corresponds to Cichorius Pl. LXXXIII-LXXXIV; Coarelli Pl. 137. RBU2013.3766](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/113_3766-crop-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_3765-113-web.jpg]34741TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 113): DetailScene 113/CXIII: Two standard-bearers, one with a round shield, in front of an enclosure with tents watch their comrades prepare an assault with ladders. According the Coarelli, "[they pull] their standards out of the ground, as a signal to attack a fortification defended by Dacian warriors" (2000: 181). The scene is shown in Cichorius Pl. LXXXIII; Coarelli Pl. 137.<br />From the Column in situ. RBU2013.3765](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_3765-113-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8196-113-web.jpg]32400TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIV/CXIII (Scene 113): Dacian defendersScene 113/CXIII: A Dacian defender prepares to hurl a heavy stone on attacking Roman troops. The defender on the right appears to draw on a (missing) bow.<br />From cast 302, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIV, scene 113 and Coarelli Pl. 137. Ref: RBU2011.8196](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_8196-113-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8199-web.jpg]31620TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIV/CXIII (Scene 113): Dacian defendersScene 113/CXIII: Another Dacian defender prepares to hurl a heavy stone on attacking Roman troops. To his right a tower, reduced in size according to relative scale, crowns the Dacian defenses.<br />From casts 303-4, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIV, scene 113 and Coarelli Pl. 138. Ref: RBU2011.8199](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_8199-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8200-114-web.jpg]31830TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV/CXIV (Scene 114): Dacian FortificationsScene 114/CXIV: Close view of the Dacian walls (Trajan and his officers consult with one another in the foreground). The Dacian fortifications are represented with an external face built of polygonal stones that are tied by wooden beams laid from front to back (murus Gallicus). Crenellations and towers are clearly indicated, and a kind of covered gallery that runs along the top of the wall: a protection against lobbed missiles (cf. Lepper/Frere 1988: 165).<br />From casts 305-6, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIV-LXXXV, scenes 113-114 and Coarelli Pl. 139. Ref: RBU2011.8200](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_8200-114-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_139_0091-web.jpg]30510TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV/CXIV (Scene 114): Trajan inspects the fortificationsScene 114/CXIV: Trajan and his officers consult with one another before the Dacian fortifications. From casts 306-7 now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXV, scene 114 and Coarelli Pl. 139. Ref: RBU2012.0091](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/139_0091-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_8203-114-web.jpg]31950TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXV/CXIV (Scene 114): War MachinesScene 114/CXIV: Close view of odd machines that have been interpreted variously as serving offensive or defensive purposes: "anxious to show these things to the best advantage, the Maestro has raised the line of the wall almost to the top of the scroll, leaving him just enough room to display their component parts, but no room to show how they were operated and by which side" (Lepper/Free 1988: 165).<br />From cast 308, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXV, scene 114 and Coarelli Pl. 140. Ref: RBU2011.8203](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_8203-114-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_140_lxxxv-lxxxvi_cxiv-cxv_8204-composite-web.jpg]33440TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVI/CXV (Scene 115): Dacians fight backScene 115/CXV (composite): Roman legionaries, auxiliaries, archers, and barbarian allies assault the Dacian fortress (presumably the same one seen in the previous scene). The Dacians, led by a warrior hurling a boulder on the approaching Romans (cast 311), sally forth to defend their fort, in which soldiers and officers mill about in disarray (top, casts 312-313). Note the two Dacian sicae lying on the ground on cast 311, perhaps dropped by the fallen warriors who lie close by.<br />From casts 309-313, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXVI, scene 115 and Coarelli Pls. 141-142. Ref: RBU2011.8204-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/140_lxxxv-lxxxvi_cxiv-cxv_8204-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_140_lxxxv-lxxxvi_cxiv-cxv_8204-web.jpg]32240TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVI/CXV (Scene 115): Roman AdvanceScene 115/CXV: Legionaries, auxiliaries, and archers in scaled armor move in a combined attack.<br />From casts 309-310, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXVI, scene 115 and Coarelli Pl. 141. Ref: RBU2011.8204.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/140_lxxxv-lxxxvi_cxiv-cxv_8204-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_143_lxxxvii_cxvi_8210-web.jpg]32580TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVII/CXVI (Scene 116): Roman assaultScene 116/CXVI (Composite): A furious battle rages outside the walls of a Dacian fortification. Legionaries use their dolabrae (the pick end) to hack away at a Dacian wall. At the top of casts 313-314 we see Dacian defenders; they appear to be pushing the top courses of their wall (or maybe the merlons only) upon their Roman attackers. The scene ends with the tall tree on the right side.<br />From casts 313-316, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXVII, scene 116 and Coarelli Pl. 143. Ref: RBU2011.8210-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/143_lxxxvii_cxvi_8210-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_143-144_lxxxvii-lxxxviii_cxvii_8212-composite-web.jpg]30680TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXVIII-LXXXIX/CXVII-CXVIII (Scenes 117-118) (Composite)Scenes 117-118/CXVII-CXVIII: Roman legionaries clear a forest and prepare wooden platforms (cast 317), perhaps for artillery or breastworks (Lepper/Frere 1988: 168). The Roman siegeworks may include rectangular pits(?; id.) In Scene 118 a bearded, pileate Dacian kneels before Trajan, perhaps to negotiate for surrender (Coarelli 2000: 189). The next scenes of destruction and suicide suggest that this negotiation will fail.<br />From casts 316-322, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. LXXXVIII-LXXXIX, scenes 117-118 and Coarelli Pls. 144-145. Ref: RBU2011.8212-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/143-144_lxxxvii-lxxxviii_cxvii_8212-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_145_0096-web.jpg]30090TRAJAN'S COLUMN LXXXIX/CXVIII (Scene 118): SubmissionScene 118/CXVIII: A Dacian nobleman ("pileatus", with his cloth cap) kneels before Trajan and stretches out his arms. <br />From casts 319-320, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. LXXXIX, scene 118 and Coarelli Pl. 145. Ref: RBU2012.0096](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/145_0096-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_118_3766-crop-web.jpg]29940TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 118): SubmissionScene 118/CXVIII: A Dacian nobleman ("pileatus", with his cloth cap) kneels before Trajan. In the previous scene (117), to the left, soldiers can be seen clearing and carrying off trunks and limbs of trees.<br />From the Column in situ. Compare to Cichorius Pl. LXXXIX and Coarelli Pl. 145. RBU2013.3766.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/118_3766-crop-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_146_xc_cxix_8222-composite-web.jpg]30140TRAJAN'S COLUMN XC-XCII/CXIX-CXXI (Scenes 119-121) (Composite)Scenes 119-121/CXIX-CXXI: Dacians torch their city to prevent its capture by the Romans in Scene 119 (casts 323-24). Then, as a dead Dacian is borne along a crowd of his despairing countrymen, officers (or perhaps priests; cf. Coarelli 2000: 192) appear to dole out poison for a mass suicide (casts 327-28), followed by scenes of the dead and dying (Scene 121, casts 329-330).<br />From casts 323-330, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. XC-XCII, scenes 119-121 and Coarelli Pls. 146-149. Ref: RBU2011.8222-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/146_xc_cxix_8222-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_118-rbu2011_8222-web.jpg]19340TRAJAN'S COLUMN XC/CXIX (Scene 119)Scene 119/CXIX: Dacians torch their own buildings rather than have them captured by the Romans.<br />From casts 323-324, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XC, scene 119 and Coarelli Pl. 146. Ref: RBU2011.8222.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/118-rbu2011_8222-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_3344-web.jpg]29550TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU CXX, CXXVII (scenes 120, 127)Scenes 120/CXX (below, spiral 19) and above Scene 127 (spiral 20): Contrasting scenes of Dacian desperation and Roman industry. In the first, lower scene Dacians engage in what appears to be acts of suicide: poison is ladled from the deep bowl visible on the lower right. Above, Roman soldiers engage in felling trees and building a new fort. From the Column in situ. RBU 2013.3344.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_3344-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8224-web.jpg]18510TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120)Scene 120/CXX: Dacians, beseiged withn their city walls, appear to be committing suicide by taking poison rather than be captured by the Romans.<br />From casts 325-326, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 147. Ref: RBU2011.8224.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/120_8224-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8225-web.jpg]17990TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120)Scene 120/CXX: Dacians, beseiged within their city walls, grieve over their fallen comrades (who seem to have died by taking poison rather than being captured).<br />From cast 326, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 147. Ref: RBU2011.8225.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/120_8225-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8227-web.jpg]17390TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120): detailScene 120/CXX: Detail. Dacians, beseiged within their city walls, grieve over their fallen comrades (who seem to have died by taking poison rather than being captured).<br />From cast 326, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 147. Ref: RBU2011.8227.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/120_8227-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_120_8229-web.jpg]18860TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXX (Scene 120)Scene 120/CXX: Detail. Desperate Dacian men, both pileati and comati, stretch their hands towards a Dacian chieftain who appears to be distributing drink from a large bowl or cauldron. The fallen figures around the scene suggest that the men are drinking poison.<br />From cast 327-327, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 120 and Coarelli Pl. 148. Ref: RBU2011.8229.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/120_8229-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_121_8233-web.jpg]18590TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCI/CXXI (Scene 121): Dacian GriefScene 121/CXXI: Detail. "The 'pieta' featuring a Dacian pileatus who weeps as he supports the head of a dead comrade is superbly rendered" (Coarelli 2000: 193).<br />From cast 329, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCI, scene 121 and Coarelli Pl. 149. Ref: RBU2011.8233.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/121_8233-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_150_xcii_cxxii_8237-composite-web.jpg]27700TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCII/CXXII (Scene 122) (Composite)Scene 122/CXXII: In a headlong panic, Dacians abandon their town (walls in the foreground) in anticipation of the approaching Romans.<br />From casts 331-332, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCII, scene 122 and Coarelli Pls. 149-150. Ref: RBU2011.8237-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/150_xcii_cxxii_8237-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_151_xcii-xciii_cxxiii_8238-composite-web.jpg]27670TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCII-XCIII/CXXIII (Scene 123) (Composite): Surrender of the DaciansScene 123/CXXIII: Accompanied by legionaries and standard-bearers, Trajan receives the surrender of Dacian leading citizens who present their swords to him while kneeling.<br />From casts 332-337, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. XCII-XCIII, scene 123 and Coarelli Pls. 151-152. Ref: RBU2011.8238-composite.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/151_xcii-xciii_cxxiii_8238-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_123-rbu2013-3848-web.jpg]27700TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scene 123): Dacian subjugationScene 123/CXXIII (Spiral 19; southwest axis): A powerful emperor, flanked by officers, is approached by a compact group of Dacians, those closest to Trajan have dropped to their knees. All stretch their hands to implore the emperor. Note how the trees on the upper right break through the upper border of the spiral.<br />From the Column in situ (compare Cichorius Pl. XCIII, Scene CXXIII).RBU2013.3848.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/123-rbu2013-3848-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_152-153_xciv_cxxiv-cxxv_8244-composite-web.jpg]26650TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCIV-XCV/CXXIV-CXXVII (Scenes 124-127) (Composite)Scenes 124-127/CXXIV-CXXVII (from left): Roman soldiers carry loot from a Dacian town; on the far left one holds a sack while the other fills it with booty spilling from a cylindrical container (Scene 127, casts 338-39); Trajan, standing on what appears to be a rocky outcrop, is saluted by his troops in formal acclamation (Scene 125, casts 340-341). In Scene 126 auxiliaries head out of the camp; a significant area of the scene has been lost. Far right, a major construction scene takes place in Scenes 127 (especially casts 344-45). There is some distortion in this composite image from left to right (right figures appear larger in relationship to those on the left).<br />From casts 338-345, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pls. XCIV-XCV, scenes 124-127 and Coarelli Pls. 153-155. Ref: RBU2011.8244-composite](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/152-153_xciv_cxxiv-cxxv_8244-composite-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_124133_3767-web.jpg]25740TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN SITU (Scenes 123-124; 132-133)Scenes 123-124/CXXIII-CXXIV (lower spiral): At the center Roman solders are seen loading spoils into sacks.Scenes 132-133 (upper spiral): at the center (Scene 133) a pair of legionaries is seen at work on two boats.<br />From the Column in situ. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCV and Pl. XCVIII, and Coarelli Pl. 153 and Pl. 159. RBU2013.3767.](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/124133_3767-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_img_2110-web.jpg]26240TRAJAN'S COLUMN CXXV and CXXXIV (Scenes 125 and 134)Scenes 125/CXXV and 134/CXXXIV: Two scenes of Roman encampments on the southeast side of the Column. The join between Column drums is clearly visible. On the lower band we see Trajan within an undulating camp wall being greeted by his troops (perhaps a formal acclamation? Coarelli 2000: 198). The quiet of the scene contrasts with the one directly above, where Dacian attackers, holding their shields over their heads for protection, attack a Roman fort. Several of their number lie dead or wounded in the foreground.<br />From the Column in situ, corresponding to Cichorius Scenes 125 and 134. RBU2013.2110](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/img_2110-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_i24-8244-124-web.jpg]25990TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCIV/CXXIV (scene 124): Romans Sack a Dacian TownScene 124/CXXIV: Legionaries and Auxiliaries sack a Dacian town. On the left one soldier pours loot into a sack held by a comrade. Others carry heavy sacks out from the town.<br />From casts 338-339, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCIV, scenes 124 and Coarelli Pl. 153. Ref: RBU2011.8244](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/i24-8244-124-web.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/thumbs/thumbs_125_8246-web.jpg]26140TRAJAN'S COLUMN XCIV/CXXV (scene 125): Acclamation of TrajanScene 125/CXXV: After the victory Trajan is acclaimed by his troops. Tents and standards (now poorly preserved) form a backdrop.<br />From casts 339-341, now in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Compare Cichorius Pl. XCIV, scene 125 and Coarelli Pl. 153-154. Ref: RBU2011.8246](http://www.trajans-column.org/wp-content/flagallery/scenes111-126/125_8246-web.jpg){kind=link}